Abstract
Informal networks persist after conflict and undermine liberal peace-building. While these adverse effects are well-known, how informal networks survive beyond conflict is less understood. Scholars explain informal networks’ persistence by their stability and cohesion, attributed to solidarity of ascriptive bonds such as ethnic ties. In these accounts, networks are approached as actors and not as relational structures. We address this gap in the peace-building scholarship and conduct a longitudinal study of relations within an informal network in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Drawing on the political approach to networks, and applying Social Network Analysis, we investigate actors’ relational power and reveal how network actors use their connections to create strategic coalitions and opportunistic collaborations enabling them to exploit different stages of the peace-building process. We demonstrate that unequal distribution of relational power creates vested interests in sustaining the network and in seeking access to it, and how dynamic reconstitution of relational power within the network ensures continuity of network action from war to peace. From a policy perspective, this structural account of informal network persistence suggests a need for a better understanding of the dynamics among co-ethnics within an informal network that allows network members to subvert efforts to counter informality and undermines post-conflict institution-building.
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Notes
While the former leads to a normative study of multi-actor entities as delegated agents, the latter focuses the empirical study on opportunitiess and constraints residing in the relations between network members (Kahler 2009).
Conversely, factionalism in the ethnic body politic that is observable ought not to assume the discontinuity of all connections between members of different factions, which also requires empirical verification.
For example, in the Bosnian Croat case, scholars detail the continuity of actors who are prominent actors both in the conflict and the post-conflict phase (Zdeb 2016; Grandits 2007). However, public prominence of these individuals does not attest to the existence of ties with other actors, or to the durability of those ties from war to peace.
According to Jackson and Nexon (1999), focusing on interaction among actors and its effects allows us to imagine that a process is mutable in space and time, as are the mechanisms to promote it.
However, this claim, too, has not been put to the empirical test by analysing network ties.
On the support of the Bosnian Croat autonomy project in Grude and several other towns in Western Herzegovina, see Grandits (2007). This support was manifested vividly during the events surrounding the raid of the Hercegovačka Banka offices by SFOR troops on 6 April, 2001, in those towns, Grude included. A group of around 1,000 Grude citizens, led by local war veterans, clashed with SFOR soldiers in the attempt to prevent the search of the Bank’s local office, wounding one of SFOR soldiers and holding hostage some ten of them for several hours. Three vehicles belonging to SFOR and Bosnia and Herzegovina Federation Ministry of Interior were damaged during the riots, the main transport routes in and out of the city were blocked, and local schools closed. Source: https://www.grude-online.info/16-godina-od-“terorističkog”-napada-jajima-na-SFOR-u-Grudama/ (last accessed on 20 November, 2020).
These are: Banke u Bosni i Hercegovini, Dani, Dnevni avaz, Dnevni list, Feral tribune, Global, Globus, Infokom, Jutarnji list, Ljiljan, Nacional, Nezavisne novine, Oslobodjenje, Reporter, Slobodna Bosna, Slobodna Dalmacija, Start, Večernji list, and internet portals: index.hr, bhmagazin.com and aim.org.
A number of these interviews were repeated two or three times to verify and follow up on information as it emerged during the research process.
In establishing network boundaries and limiting the number of actors to 36 was ultimately guided by judgement sampling (Acedo et al. 2006).
However, we should note that density figures here are included for descriptive purposes. To make inferences about how the changing nature of exchanges affects the network characteristics in terms of power relations, we need to consult centrality measures.
According to Foster (1978–1979), the structural transformation inside the networks is a result of internal power dynamics.
Modelled with an ‘attenuation factor (B)’ with positive values (between 0 and 1), while higher scores in absolute value reflect an actor’s network wide influence from having many and right kind of connections (Bonacich 1987).
Modelled with an ‘attenuation factor (B)’ with negative values (between 0 and -1), while centrality scores reflect power a network member derives from connecting actors dependent on him (Bonacich 1987).
We used UCINET SNA software to calculate network measures (Borgatti, Everett and Freeman 2002). For ethical reasons we anonymised the data presented in Tables 2‒4. The coding was done according to an individual’s primary affiliation: M-military; P-civilian government; E-economic; S-civil society.
The selected nodes differ for each SNA measure. Among actors with similar scores, we select those that best illustrate a given dynamic.
www.sudbih.gov.ba/files/docs/presude/2005/Jelavic_ENG_KPV_10_04.pdf (last accessed on 10 January, 2016).
The HVO armed force was formally integrated into Bosnia and Herzegovina Federation Defense structures and funded by public revenue raised in Bosnia and Herzegovina and by donations from Croatia.
www.sudbih.gov.ba/files/docs/presude/2004/Prce_ENG_KPV_13_04.pdf (last accessed on 10 January, 2016).
‘Tajni računi za pljačku državnog proračuna’, www.bhmagazin.com/bih/2296-afera-hercegovacka-banka-tajni-racuni-za-pljacku (last accessed on 23 June, 2017).
http://www.slobodanpraljak.com/MATERIJALI/SVJEDOCI/BATINIC%20ZDRAVKO?65.pdf (last accessed on 15 March, 2016).
http://www.tuzilastvobih.gov.ba/?opcija=presude&godina=2004&odjel=2&jezik=h (last accessed on 20 May, 2016).
Sudjenje akterima hrvatske samouprave, http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/sudjenje-akterima-hrvatske-samouprave-u-bih-krajem-godine/223013.aspx?mobile=false (last accessed on 20 February, 2017).
http://www.tuzilastvobih.gov.ba/?opcija=presude&godina=2004&odjel=2&jezik=h (last accessed on 10 January, 2016).
www.sudbih.gov.ba/files/docs/presude/2004/Prce_ENG_KPV_13_04.pdf (last accessed on 15 January, 2016).
Ibid.
Also, for a discussion of research methods and the study of peace, with a particular focus on state-building, see Woodward et al. (2012).
We credit our colleague Nathaniel Olin for this quote.
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Bojicic-Dzelilovic, V., Kostovicova, D. & Suerdem, A.K. Persistence of informal networks and liberal peace-building: evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina. J Int Relat Dev 25, 182–209 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-021-00220-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-021-00220-4