Abstract
According to governmentality studies, resilience, like any other neoliberal policy framework, reproduces a paternalising dichotomy between capable Northern policy elites and incapable Southern actors. In contrast to this popular governmentality reading, this article argues that resilience thinking is actually geared towards critiquing international policy expertise and the privileged knowledge position of international interveners. Rather than imposing particular policy options from the top down, resilience thinking actively seeks out vernacular, non-liberal forms of governing. However, the drive to critique domineering neoliberal policy initiatives does not usher in a post-liberal paradigm. Instead, this article demonstrates how resilience works as a field of transition on which the retreat from liberal forms of governing is mediated discursively without giving up entirely on the notion of normative, law-based security. These insights are drawn out with reference to crime-related US security interventions in the Americas.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
I would like to thank Reviewer 2 for this comment.
Michel Foucault argued that the governed have to actively participate in the process of disciplinary rule (Foucault 1995).
In a recent co-authored article on the European Union, Joseph presents an analysis of resilience that goes beyond the governmentality critique (Joseph and Juncos 2019; see also Joseph 2018). The article demonstrates that the EU’s approach to resilience is influenced by a strong identity as a universal, liberal actor. This would seem to be further empirical evidence for my argument that resilience is unable to transcend fully liberal forms of governance.
For example, critical community scholars have highlighted the need for international policy efforts to work from the bottom up (Shevellar et al. 2015).
References
Abrahamsen, Rita (2000) Disciplining Democracy. Development Discourse and Good Governance in Africa, London: Zed Books.
Acevedo, Rosa (2014) ‘Stepping Up the Merida Initiative: Community Policing as a Foundation for Building Resilient Communities and Reforming the Rule of Law in Mexico’, California Western International Law 44(2): 225–66.
Anderson, Ben (2015) ‘What Kind of Thing Is Resilience?’, Politics 35(1): 60–66.
Chandler, David (2014a) ‘Beyond Neoliberalism: Resilience, the New Art of Governing Complexity’, Resilience 2(1): 47–63.
Chandler, David (2014b) Resilience: The Governance of Complexity, London: Routledge.
Davis, Diane (2012) Urban Resilience in Situations of Chronic Violence, Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology and USAID.
Davis, Diane, and John Tirman (2012) A Toolkit for Urban Resilience in Situations of Chronic Violence, Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology and USAID.
Dean, Mitchell (2007) Governmentality. Power and Rule in Modern Society, London: SAGE Publications.
Dobriansky, Paula (2004) Promoting a Culture of Lawfulness. Remarks at Georgetown University, Washington: U.S. Department of State. http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/rls/rm/2004/37196.htm. Accessed 21 February 2021.
Duffield, Mark (2007) Development, Security and Unending War. Governing the World of Peoples, Malden: Polity Press.
Edmunds, Timothy, and Ana Juncos (2019) ‘Constructing the Capable State: Contested Discourses and Practices in EU Capacity Building’, Cooperation and Conflict 55(1): 3–21.
Finkenbusch, Peter (2019) ʻOn the Road to Affirmation: Facilitating Urban Resilience in the Americasʼ, Global Society 33(1): 121‒36.
Foucault, Michel (1995) Discipline and Punish. The Birth of the Prison, New York: Vintage.
Godson, Roy (2003) ‘Transnational Crime, Corruption, and Security’, in Michael Brown, ed., Grave New World: Security Challenges in the 21st Century, 259–78, Washington: Georgetown University Press.
Godson, Roy (2000) ‘Guide to Developing a Culture of Lawfulness, Symposium on the Role of Civil Society in Countering Organized Crime: Global Implications of the Palermo, Sicily Renaissance’, Palermo: Organization of American States, Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission, http://www.cicad.oas.org/ES/Asambleas/CICAD36/03Godson.pdf. Accessed on 21 February 2021.
Grove, Kevin (2018) Resilience, New York: Routledge.
Ingram, Matthew (2014) ‘Community Resilience to Violence: Local Schools, Regional Economies, and Homicide in Mexico’s Municipalities’, in David Shirk, Duncan Wood and Eric Olson, eds, Building Resilient Communities in Mexico: Civic Responses to Crime and Violence, 25–62, Washington and San Diego: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and University of San Diego.
Joseph, Jonathan (2018) Varieties of Resilience. Studies in Governmentality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Joseph, Jonathan (2013) ‘Resilience as Embedded Neoliberalism: A Governmentality Approach’, Resilience 1(1): 38–52.
Joseph, Jonathan, and Ana Juncos (2019) ‘Resilience as an Emergent European Project? The EU’s Place in the Resilience Turn’, Journal of Common Market Studies 57(5): 995–1012.
México Unido Contra la Delincuencia (2013) ‘Desarollo de Una Cultura de La Legalidad En México’ [Developing a Culture of Lawfulness in Mexico], Mexico City: México Unido Contra la Delincuencia, available at: http://www.culturadelalegalidad.org.mx/recursos/Contenidos/Artculosdeintersgeneral/documentos/Documento%20introductorio%20MUCD.pdf. Accessed 21 February 2021.
Murray Li, Tania (2007) The Will to Improve. Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics, Durham: Duke University Press.
Olson, Eric, David Shirk and Duncan Wood (2014) ‘Building Resilient Communities in Mexico: Civic Responses to Crime and Violence’, in David Shirk, Duncan Wood, and Eric Olson, eds, Building Resilient Communities in Mexico: Civic Responses to Crime and Violence, 1–22, Washington and San Diego: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and University of San Diego.
Sabet, Daniel (2014) ‘Co-Production and Oversight: Citizens and Their Police’, in David Shirk, Duncan Wood and Eric Olson, eds, Building Resilient Communities in Mexico: Civic Responses to Crime and Violence, 245–62, Washington and San Diego: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and University of San Diego.
Shevellar, Lynda, Peter Westoby and Meredith Connor (2015) ‘Flirting with Danger: Practice Dilemmas for Community Development in Disaster Recovery’, Community Development 46(1): 26–42.
US Agency of International Development and Secretaría de Gobernación (2015a) Comités Comunitarios: Una Estrategia Para Fortalecer La Resiliencia Comunitaria [Community Committees: A Strategy to Strengthen Community Resilience], Mexico City: USAID and Secretaría de Gobernación.
US Agency of International Development and Secretaría de Gobernación (2015b) Conceptos y Estrategias de Gestión Local [Concepts and Strategies of Local Adminstration], Mexico City: USAID and Secretaría de Gobernación.
US Department of State (2010) Mexico – Merida Initiative Report, Washington: US Department of State.
US Department of State (2008) Merida Initiative. Program Description Reference Document. Mexican Security Cooperation Plan, Washington: US Government Printing Office, http://mexicoinstitute.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/merida-initiative-part1.pdf. Accessed 21 February 2021.
Velazquez, Anthony (2011) ‘Mérida and Integrated Strategic Solutions’, Newport: Naval War College. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555425.pdf. Accessed 21 February 2021.
Walker, Brian, and David Salt (2012) Resilience Practice: Building Capacity to Absorb Disturbance and Maintain Function, Washington: Island Press.
Walker, Brian, and David Salt (2006) Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World, Washington: Island Press.
Walker, Jeremy, and Melinda Cooper (2011) ‘Genealogies of Resilience: From Systems Ecology to the Political Economy of Crisis Adaptation’, Security Dialogue 42(2): 143–60.
Welsh, Marc (2014) ‘Resilience and Responsibility: Governing Uncertainty in a Complex World’, Geographical Journal 180(1): 15–26.
Zanotti, Laura (2019) Ontological Entanglements, Agency and Ethics in International Relations, London: Routledge.
Zanotti, Laura (2011) Governing Disorder. UN Peace Operations, International Security and Democratization in the Post-Cold War Era, University Park: Penn State University Press.
Zanotti, Laura (2005) ‘Governmentalizing the Post-Cold War International Regime: The UN Debate on Democratization and Good Governance’, Alternatives 30(4): 461–87.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Nicole Gallagher and David Chandler for reading earlier versions of this article and giving useful comments and critique.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Finkenbusch, P. Beyond liberal governance? Resilience as a field of transition. J Int Relat Dev 24, 681–695 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-021-00207-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-021-00207-1