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The changing faces of global cities and firms: a new perspective on firms’ location strategy

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Abstract

Recognizing the dearth of attention afforded to global cities in the international business and management journals, Goerzen et al. (J Int Bus Stud 44(5):427–450, 2013) chanced their hand at becoming pioneers. Their gamble paid off. Taking geographic scale down to the city level, questioning why multinationals choose to locate subsidiaries inside or outside of global cities, they jump-started their own conversation, sugaring the pill with the IB staple—liability of foreignness. So well was their inquiry crafted and executed that their insights into the way global connectedness attracts investment into these cities remains instructive. Since then, global cities and firms have undergone a transition. We visualize increasingly multifaceted cities interacting with firms accelerating towards adopting an “ecosystem approach”—characterized by extensive non-equity collaborations and partnerships. We explain why investigation à la Goerzen et al. (J Int Bus Stud 44(5):427–450, 2013) today must grasp multinationals’ diverse relationships to revivify theoretical insights from economic geography for a world of tensions heightened by geopolitics, but above all grappling with the sustainability agenda. We conclude that within an ecosystem of feedback effects, multinationals’ agency can be part of the solution. To deliver, IB must harness emerging novel geographic—“big”—data and techniques to match, in the spirit of the imaginative fusion a decade earlier.

Résumé

Conscients du peu d’attention accordée aux villes mondiales dans les revues de Management et d’Affaires Internationales (International Business—IB), Goerzen, Asmussen & Nielsen (2013) ont tenté d’en être pionniers. Leur pari s’est avéré payant. En ramenant l'échelle géographique au niveau de la ville et en s'interrogeant sur les raisons pour lesquelles les entreprises multinationales choisissent d'implanter leurs filiales à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur des villes mondiales, Ils ont entamé leur propre conversation tout en faisant passer la pilule avec l'élément fondamental de l’IB—handicaps et coûts liés au statut étranger de l’entreprise (Liability of Foreignness—LOF). Leur recherche a été si bien conçue et exécutée que leurs renseignements sur la manière dont la connectivité mondiale attire les investissements dans ces villes restent instructifs. Depuis lors, les entreprises et les villes mondiales ont connu une transition. Nous voyons des villes de plus en plus multifacettes interagir avec des entreprises qui s’accélèrent vers l’adoption d’une "approche d’écosystème", caractérisée par des collaborations et des partenariats étendus sans prise de participation. Nous expliquons pourquoi l'investigation à la Goerzen, Asmussen and Nielsen (2013) doit aujourd'hui saisir diverses relations des multinationales afin de raviver des renseignements théoriques émanés de la géographie économique dans un monde de tensions exacerbées par la géopolitique, mais surtout d’être aux prises avec l'agenda de la durabilité. Nous concluons qu'au sein d'un écosystème d'effets de rétroaction, l’agence des multinationales peut faire partie de la solution. Pour ce faire, l'ib doit exploiter les - « massives » - nouvelles données géographiques émergentes ainsi que les techniques correspondantes, dans l'esprit de la fusion imaginative d'une décennie plus tôt.

Resumen

Al reconocer la carencia te atención prestada a las ciudades globales en las revistas de Negocios Internacionales y de Gerencia, Goerze, Asmussen y Nielssen (2013) se arriesgaron a ser pioneros. Su apuesta ha merecido la pena. Llevando la escala geográfica a nivel de ciudad, preguntándose por qué las multinacionales deciden ubicar sus filiales dentro o fuera de las ciudades globales, iniciaron su propia conversación endulzando la píldora con el principal elemento de Negocios Internacionales: la desventaja de extranjería (LOF por sus iniciales en inglés). Tan bien estaba elaborada y ejecutada su indagación que sus aportes sobre la manera en que las conexiones globales atraen inversión en estas ciudades siguen siendo de gran utilidad. Desde entonces las ciudades globales y las empresas han tenido una transición. Visualizamos cada vez más ciudades polifacéticas en interacción con empresas y de esta manera aceleran la adopción de un “enfoque ecosistémico”, caracterizado por amplias colaboraciones y alianzas sin participación accionaria. Explicamos de qué manera hoy en día la investigación de Goerzen y sus colaboradores (2013) debe abordar las diversas relaciones de las multinacionales para revitalizar los aportes teóricos de la geografía económica para un mundo de tensiones intensificadas por la geopolítica, pero sobre todo haciendo frente a la agenda de sostenibilidad. Concluimos que, dentro de un ecosistema de efectos de retroalimentación, la agencia de las multinacionales puede ser parte de la solución. Para llevar esto a cabo, Negocios Internacionales debe recurrir a las nuevas “big-data” geográficas y a sus técnicas correspondientes, en el espíritu de la fusión visionaria de la década anterior.

Resumo

Reconhecendo a escassa atenção dada a cidades globais nos periódicos de Negócios Internacionais e Gestão, Goerzen, Asmussen & Nielsen (2013) arriscaram a se tornar pioneiros. Sua aposta valeu a pena. Levando a escala geográfica ao nível da cidade, questionando porque multinacionais optam por localizar subsidiárias dentro ou fora de cidades globais, eles iniciam a sua própria conversa, adoçando a pílula com o elemento básico de IB—desvantagem de ser estrangeiro (LOF). A sua investigação foi tão bem elaborada e executada que seus insights sobre a forma como a conectividade global atrai investimento para estas cidades continuam a ser instrutivos. Desde então, cidades globais e empresas passaram por transições. Visualizamos a interação cada vez mais multifacetada de cidades com empresas, acelerando a adoção de uma “abordagem ecossistêmica”—caracterizada por extensas colaborações e parcerias não patrimoniais. Explicamos por que investigações no estilo de Goerzen et al. (2013) devem hoje compreender as diversas relações de multinacionais para rejuvenescer insights teóricos da geografia econômica para um mundo de tensões agravadas pela geopolítica, mas acima de tudo batalhando pela agenda da sustentabilidade. Concluímos que, num ecossistema de efeitos de retroalimentação, a agência de multinacionais pode ser parte da solução. Para obter resultados, IB deve explorar novos—“grandes”—dados geográficos emergentes—e técnicas correspondentes, no espírito da fusão imaginativa de uma década antes.

摘要

Goerzen、Asmussen 和 Nielsen (2013) 认识到国际商业和管理期刊对全球城市缺乏关注, 这让他们成为了先驱者。他们赌赢了。他们将地理范围缩小到城市层面, 质疑跨国公司为何选择在全球城市内外设立子公司, 随即开始了自己的对话, 并用国际商务 (IB) 的主要概念—– 外来者劣势 (LOF) 作为药丸糖衣。 他们的调查设计和执行得非常出色, 以至于他们对全球连通性如何吸引投资进入这些城市的见解仍然具有指导意义。从那时起, 全球城市和企业经历了转型。我们遐想城市与企业的互动日益多元化, 它加速了采用以广泛的非股权合作和伙伴关系为特征的 “生态系统方法”。我们解释了为什么按照Goerzen 等人 (2013) 那样进行调查今天必须掌握跨国公司的多元化关系, 以复兴经济地理学的理论见解, 从而应对地缘政治加剧的紧张世界, 但最重要的是解决可持续发展议题。我们的结论是, 在反馈效应的生态系统中, 跨国公司的代理可以成为解决方案的一部分。为了实现这一目标, IB 必须本着十年前富有想象力的融合精神, 利用新兴的新颖地理“大”数据和技术进行匹配。

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Notes

  1. Sanchiz & Omic (2020) The World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies (WAIPA) notes the rise in sub-national investment promotion agencies.

  2. FDI is a partial input measure of MNE subsidiary activity, and the impression given by book values of investment about economic activity can be seriously at variance with the value added generated. Furthermore, “statistical facts on the non-equity involvement of, or collaborative alliances between MNEs are even more difficult to obtain” (Dunning & Lundan, 2008, p. 11)

  3. While we acknowledge that some external partners might be locationally bound within global cities, we make it clear that, conceptually, the external partners could be anywhere outside the global cities.

  4. At the closure of his “About the Authors” self-description Anthony Goerzen presciently wrote of his own research direction at the time: “Emerging areas of interest pertain to social and environmental sustainability in the context of international business” anticipating the focus of this section in our commentary by a full 10 years. Sustainability in the context of cities and international business is only now picking up speed (see the discussion of Pisani et al. (2019) that follows).

  5. Prior to efforts to assimilate the sustainability agenda into IB in earnest by scholars such as Ans Kolk (2016) and Rob van Tulder and Eveline van Mil (2023), there was inadequate connection with natural scientific research work and uptake of the agendas of international organizations, such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 2000), United Nations (1987) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD, 2002). Dunning & Lundan (2008) noted the IB literature’s growing interest in economic and social welfare, distributional objectives, and environmental sustainability. Notwithstanding interest in “corporate social responsibility” and “corporate social performance” at the firm level (Ioannou & Serafeim, 2012), there had not been the readily accessible “language” needed to effectively grasp the sustainability agenda at scale that came with the SDGs (UN, 2015).

  6. Trade in Value Added - OECD: https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/measuring-trade-in-value-added.html.

  7. https://www.nationalgeographic.org.

  8. By which we mean amenable to scientific estimation.

  9. By which we mean a difficult to grasp plethora of interactions between agents—firms, cities, governments, non-governmental organizational, and international organizations.

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Asakawa, K., Clegg, J. The changing faces of global cities and firms: a new perspective on firms’ location strategy. J Int Bus Stud 55, 37–49 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-023-00675-2

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