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Unpacking collective materialism: how values shape consumption in seven Asian markets

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Abstract

We study how collectivism, religion-tradition, thriftiness, and status/materialist consumption values jointly shape consumption preferences in seven Asian markets. These markets are diverse but relatively small, so identifying similarities should help companies implement standardized marketing strategies. Using data from 3000+ consumers, we find the effects to be largely similar. Collectivistic values directly and indirectly increase both religious and thriftiness values, both of which negatively affect status consumption values. However, the direct positive effect of collectivistic values on status consumption values is so strong that it dominates all of these countervailing negative effects, which explains the paradoxical affinity of Asian consumers towards luxury consumption while endorsing the moral virtues of thriftiness. We identify the effects these values have on preference towards symbolic (style, prestige, overseas origin) and utilitarian (durability, and value for price) attributes. Our results have implications for international marketing theory by highlighting the role of values in Asian consumption, and for practice by helping marketers arrive at more informed standardized brand/product strategies in these rapidly growing Asian markets. In particular, they support earlier findings that high and increasing luxury consumption in Asia may not be due to increasing individualism nor Westernization, but because collectivists have their own reasons for valuing status consumption.

Résumé

Nous étudions comment le collectivisme, la tradition-religion, l'économie et les valeurs de consommation liées au statut et au matérialisme façonnent conjointement les préférences de consommation sur sept marchés asiatiques. Ces marchés sont diversifiés mais relativement petits, de sorte que l'identification des similitudes devrait aider les entreprises à mettre en œuvre des stratégies de marketing standardisées. En utilisant les données de plus de 3 000 consommateurs, nous constatons que les impacts sont largement similaires. Les valeurs collectivistes augmentent directement et indirectement les valeurs religieuses et économes, lesquelles exercent toutes deux un impact négatif sur les valeurs de consommation liées au statut. Néanmoins, l'impact positif direct des valeurs collectivistes sur les valeurs de consommation liées au statut est si fort qu'il domine tous ces impacts négatifs compensatoires, ce qui explique l'affinité paradoxale des consommateurs asiatiques pour la consommation de luxe tout en approuvant les vertus morales de l'économie. Nous identifions les effets de ces valeurs sur la préférence pour les attributs symboliques (style, prestige, origine étrangère) et utilitaires (durabilité et rapport qualité-prix). Nos résultats ont des implications non seulement pour la théorie du marketing international en mettant en lumière le rôle des valeurs dans la consommation asiatique, mais aussi pour la pratique en aidant les spécialistes du marketing à élaborer de manière mieux informée des stratégies standardisées de marque/produit sur ces marchés asiatiques à croissance rapide. En particulier, ils confirment des résultats antérieurs selon lesquels la consommation élevée et croissante de produits de luxe en Asie n'est peut-être pas due à une augmentation de l'individualisme ou de l'occidentalisation, mais plutôt au fait que les collectivistes ont leurs propres raisons d'apprécier la consommation liée au statut.

Resumen

Estudiamos como el colectivismo, la tradición- religiosa, el carácter ahorrador, y los valores de estatus-materialistas configuran en su conjunta las preferencias de consumo en siete mercados Asiáticos. Estos mercados son diversos, pero relativamente pequeños, entonces el identificar similitudes puede ayudar a las empresas a implementar estrategias de marketing estandarizadas. Usando datos de más de 3.000 consumidores, encontramos que los efectos son en gran medida similares. Los valores colectivistas aumentan tanto directa como indirectamente los valores religiosos y ahorradores, los cuales afectan negativamente los valores de consumo de estatus. Sin embargo, el efecto positivo directo del colectivismo en los valores de consumo de estatus es tan fuerte que domina todos estos efectos negativos compensatorios, lo cual explica la paradójica afinidad de los consumidores Asiáticos de consumo de lujo mientras al mismo tiempo que respalda las virtudes morales del ahorro. Identificamos que los efectos de estos valores tienen en la preferencia por atributos simbólicos (estilo, prestigio y origen extranjero) y utilitaria (durabilidad y valor por el precio). Nuestros resultados tienen implicaciones para la teoría del marketing internacional al resaltar el papel de los valores en el consumo Asiático, y para la práctica ayudar a los profesionales del marketing a llegar a estrategias estandarizadas de marca/producto más informadas en estos mercados Asiáticos. En particular, apoyan los hallazgos anteriores que el creciente consumo de lujo en Asia puede no deberse al creciente individualismo ni a la occidentalización, sino que es que los colectivistas tienen sus propias razones para valorar el consumo de estatus.

Resumo

Estudamos como coletivismo, tradição religiosa, parcimônia e valores de status/consumo materialista moldam conjuntamente preferências de consumo em sete mercados asiáticos. Estes mercados são diversos, porém relativamente pequenos, sendo que a identificação de similaridades pode ajudar empresas a implementar estratégias de marketing padronizadas. Usando dados de mais de 3.000 consumidores, descobrimos que os efeitos são bastante semelhantes. Valores coletivistas direta e indiretamente ampliam valores religiosos e de parcimônia, os quais afetam negativamente valores de consumo de status. No entanto, o efeito positivo direto de valores coletivistas nos valores de consumo de status é tão forte que domina todos estes efeitos negativos amenizadores, o que explica a afinidade paradoxal de consumidores asiáticos para com o consumo de luxo, ao mesmo tempo que apoiam as virtudes morais da parcimónia. Identificamos os efeitos que estes valores têm na preferência por atributos simbólicos (estilo, prestígio, origem no estrangeiro) e utilitários (durabilidade e valor pelo preço). Nossos resultados têm implicações para a teoria de marketing internacional ao destacar o papel de valores no consumo de asiáticos, e para a prática, ao ajudar profissionais de marketing a atingir estratégias de marcas/produtos padronizadas e mais bem informadas nestes mercados asiáticos em rápido crescimento. Em particular, resultados apoiam conclusões anteriores de que o crescente e elevado consumo de luxo na Ásia pode não ser devido ao crescente individualismo nem à ocidentalização, mas porque coletivistas têm as suas próprias razões para valorizar o consumo de status.

摘要

我们研究集体主义、宗教传统、节俭和地位/物质主义消费价值观如何共同塑造七个亚洲市场的消费偏好。这些市场多种多样但相对较小, 因此识别相似性应该有助于公司实施标准化营销策略。通过使用 3000 多位消费者的数据, 我们发现效果基本相似。集体主义价值观直接和间接地增加了宗教价值观和节俭价值观, 这两者都会对地位消费价值观产生负面影响。然而, 集体主义对地位消费价值观的直接的积极影响如此之大, 以至于它主导了所有这些抵消性的负面影响, 这解释了亚洲消费者在认可节俭的道德美德的同时对奢侈品消费的自相矛盾的亲和力。我们确定了这些价值观对象征性(风格、声望、海外背景)和功利性(耐用性和性价比)属性的偏好的影响。我们的研究结果通过强调价值观在亚洲消费中的作用对国际营销理论具有启示, 并通过帮助营销人员在这些快速成长的亚洲市场中制定更明智的标准化品牌/产品策略来对实践具有启示。特别是, 它们支持先前的研究结果, 即亚洲奢侈品消费的高增长和不断增长可能不是由于个人主义或西化的增加, 而是因为集体主义者有自己重视身份消费的原因。

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the former Institute for Asian Consumer Insights at Nanyang Business School, Singapore, for the data set used in this paper.

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Correspondence to Rajeev Batra.

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Accepted by Saeed Samiee, Area Editor, 25 September 2023. This article has been with the authors for four revisions.

The original online version of this article was revised: Due to typesetting mistake, the Supplementary file unfortunately reflected the page numbers on top of each page. The page numbers should not exist in the Supplementary file. The Publisher apologizes for the mistake. The Supplementary file has been corrected.

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Batra, R., Arunachalam, S., Wong, N.Y.C. et al. Unpacking collective materialism: how values shape consumption in seven Asian markets. J Int Bus Stud 55, 361–375 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-023-00661-8

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