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A Coasean approach to strategies of ownership and control: A commentary on Forsgren and Holm’s (2021) “Controlling without owning – owning without controlling”

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Abstract

In a recent “Point” in this journal, Forsgren and Holm (J Int Bus Stud, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00416-3) suggest that internalization theory cannot explain the external business relationships of multinational enterprises (MNEs). In contrast, in this Commentary we suggest that classic internalization theory is actually well equipped to do so, once scholars move beyond the simple market versus firm dichotomy (used mainly for pedagogical reasons in extant research). We build upon Coasean thinking, a foundation of the classic internalization perspective, to show that decisions on internalization are embedded in the institutional theory of the allocation of property rights. Property rights theory can explain ownership and control decisions, but also more broadly the allocation of decision rights in institutional arrangements. This broader focus on decision rights, beyond the simple ownership and control distinction, resolves the dilemma that Forsgren and Holm put forward. Any given distribution of decision rights does not come about in a costless, frictionless, or timeless fashion, which means that attention must be paid not only to the relative costs of different modes of operation but also to the costs of getting to a resolution among parties, to the process of doing so, and to the institutional and legal framework binding the arrangement. Ownership and control are shorthand terms for particular bundles of decision rights but these need to be examined in a broader context of decision rights.

Résumé

Dans un "Point" récent de ce journal, Forsgren et Holm (2021) suggèrent que la théorie de l'internalisation ne peut pas expliquer les relations commerciales externes des entreprises multinationales. Au contraire, nous suggérons dans ce Commentaire que la théorie classique de l'internalisation est en fait bien équipée pour le faire, une fois que les chercheurs dépassent la simple dichotomie marché versus entreprise (utilisée principalement pour des raisons pédagogiques dans la recherche existante). Nous nous appuyons sur la pensée Coasienne, un fondement de la perspective classique de l'internalisation, pour montrer que les décisions d'internalisation sont encastrées dans la théorie institutionnelle de l'allocation des droits de propriété. La théorie des droits de propriété peut expliquer les décisions relatives à la propriété et au contrôle, mais aussi, plus largement, l'allocation des droits de décision dans les arrangements institutionnels. Cette focalisation plus large sur les droits de décision, au-delà de la simple distinction entre la propriété et le contrôle, résout le dilemme mis en avant par Forsgren et Holm. Toute distribution donnée des droits de décision ne se fait pas sans coût, sans friction ou de manière intemporelle, ce qui signifie qu'il faut prêter attention non seulement aux coûts relatifs des différents modes d’opération, mais aussi aux coûts nécessaires pour parvenir à une résolution entre les parties, au processus pour y parvenir et au cadre institutionnel et juridique scellant l’accord. La propriété et le contrôle sont les termes abrégés pour désigner des ensembles particuliers de droits de décision, mais ils doivent être examinés dans un contexte plus large de droits de décision.

Resumen

En un reciente "Punto" de esta revista, Forsgren y Holm (2021) sugieren que la teoría de la internalización no puede explicar las relaciones comerciales externas de las empresas multinacionales (EMN). Por el contrario, en este Comentario sugerimos que la teoría clásica de la internalización está realmente bien dotada para hacerlo, una vez que los estudiosos van más allá de la simple dicotomía mercado versus empresa (utilizada principalmente por razones pedagógicas en la investigación existente). Nos basamos en el pensamiento de Ronald Coase, una de las bases de la perspectiva clásica de la internalización, para mostrar que las decisiones sobre la internalización están integradas en la teoría institucional de la asignación de los derechos de propiedad. La teoría de los derechos de propiedad puede explicar las decisiones de propiedad y control, pero también, de forma más amplia, la asignación de los derechos de decisión en los acuerdos institucionales. Este enfoque más amplio de los derechos de decisión, más allá de la simple distinción entre propiedad y control, resuelve el dilema que plantean Forsgren y Holm. Cualquier distribución de los derechos de decisión no se produce sin costes, sin fricciones o sin tiempo, lo que significa que hay que prestar atención no sólo a los costes relativos de los diferentes modos de funcionamiento, sino también a los costes de llegar a una resolución entre las partes, al proceso de hacerlo y al marco institucional y jurídico que vincula el acuerdo. La propiedad y el control son términos restringidos para determinados conjuntos de derechos de decisión, pero deben examinarse en un contexto más amplio de derechos de decisión.

Resumo

Em um recente "Point" nesta revista, Forsgren e Holm (2021) sugerem que a teoria da internalização não pode explicar relações de negócios externas de empresas multinacionais (MNEs). Em contraste, neste Comentário sugerimos que a teoria clássica da internalização é de fato bem equipada para tanto, uma vez que acadêmicos vão além da simples dicotomia mercado versus empresa (usada principalmente com objetivos pedagógicos nas pesquisas correntes). Baseamos no pensamento coaseano, uma fundação da perspectiva clássica de internalização, para mostrar que decisões sobre internalização estão inseridas na teoria institucional de alocação de direitos de propriedade. A teoria dos direitos de propriedade pode explicar decisões de propriedade e controle, mas também de forma mais ampla a alocação de direitos de decisão em arranjos institucionais. Esse foco mais amplo nos direitos de decisão, além da simples distinção entre propriedade e controle, resolve o dilema que Forsgren e Holm apresentaram. Qualquer distribuição de direitos de decisão não ocorre gratuitamente, sem atrito ou de forma atemporal, o que significa que devemos atentar não apenas a custos relativos de distintos modos de operação, mas também a custos de obter consenso entre as partes, ao processo de fazê-lo, e ao arcabouço institucional e legal que suporta o acordo. Propriedade e controle são abreviaturas para determinados combinações de direitos de decisão, mas estes precisam ser examinados em um contexto mais amplo de direitos de decisão.

摘要

Forsgren 和 Holm (2021) 在本期刊最近的一篇“观点”文章中指出, 内部化理论无法解释跨国企业 (MNE) 的外部业务关系。相比之下, 在这篇评论中, 我们认为, 一旦学者们超越了简单的市场与公司二分法 (现有研究中主要出于教学法原因) , 经典的内部化理论实际上已经具备了这样做的能力。我们以科斯思想 (经典内部化观点的基础) 为基础, 表明内部化决策嵌入在产权分配的制度理论中。产权理论可解释所有权和控制权决策, 也可以更广泛地解释制度安排中的决策权分配。这种对决策权更广泛的关注, 超越了简单的所有权与控制权的区分, 解决了 Forsgren 和 Holm 提出的困境。任何给定的决策权分配都不会以无成本、无摩擦或永恒的方式发生, 这意味着不仅要关注不同运营模式的相对成本, 而且要关注各方达成解决方案的成本和这样做的过程, 以及约束该安排的制度和法律框架。所有权和控制权是特定决策权组合的简写术语, 但它们需要在更广泛的决策权情境下进行研究。

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Correspondence to Cristian Luise.

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Accepted by Alain Verbeke, Editor-in-Chief, 18 October 2022.

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Buckley, P.J., Luise, C. & Voss, H. A Coasean approach to strategies of ownership and control: A commentary on Forsgren and Holm’s (2021) “Controlling without owning – owning without controlling”. J Int Bus Stud 54, 1115–1120 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-022-00576-w

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