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Top management teams in international business research: A review and suggestions for future research

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Abstract

This article reviews and critically assesses the large and diverse literature on top management teams (TMTs) that has focused on international business (IB) issues. We apply an organizing framework that centers around four key elements of TMTs – TMT composition, structure, processes, and governance – and the most commonly studied IB-related choices and outcomes. This framework allows us to synthesize the contributions of the literature on TMTs in IB and identify opportunities for future research. The contributions of our review are threefold. First, we offer a roadmap for navigating the large and diverse literature on TMTs in IB. Second, we provide a systematic and critical evaluation of the key empirical and theoretical developments in this literature. Third, we highlight opportunities for future research to make theoretical and empirical advancements in each of the areas of our organizing framework. In these future research opportunities, we draw particular attention to the need to further contextualize TMT research in IB by proposing opportunities to more systematically incorporate the unique nature of the MNE and the external environment in which the MNE operates.

Résumé

Cet article passe en revue et évalue de manière critique la littérature, aussi vaste que diversifiée, du management de haut niveau (TMTs - Top Management Teams) laquelle se focalise sur les questions liées au commerce international (IB - International Business). Nous développons un cadre de synthèse qui s’articule autour de quatre éléments clés des TMTs - la composition, la structure, les processus et la gouvernance des TMTs - ainsi qu’autour des choix et des conséquences liés au IB les plus étudiés. Ce cadre nous permet non seulement de synthétiser les contributions de la recherche portée sur TMTs dans le champ IB, mais aussi d'identifier les opportunités pour de futures recherches. Notre revue de littérature apporte une triple contribution. Premièrement, nous proposons une feuille de route pour naviguer au sein de la vaste et diversifiée littérature TMTs développée dans le champ IB. Deuxièmement, nous apportons une évaluation systématique et critique des principaux développements empiriques et théoriques de cette littérature. Troisièmement, nous spécifions, pour de futures recherches, les opportunités de faire des progrès théoriques et empiriques dans chacun des domaines de notre cadre de synthèse. Dans ces opportunités de recherche, nous attirons une attention particulière sur la nécessité de contextualiser davantage la recherche sur TMTs dans le champ IB, en proposant les opportunités d'incorporer plus systématiquement la nature unique des entreprises multinationales et l'environnement externe dans lequel ces dernières opèrent.

Resumen

Este artículo revisa y hace una evaluación crítica de la amplia y diversa literatura sobre los equipos de alta dirección (TMTs por sus iniciales en inglés) que se ha enfocado en aspectos de negocios internacionales. Aplicamos un marco organizativo que se centra en cuatro elementos de los equipos de alta dirección -la composición, la estructura, los procesos, y la gobernanza de los equipos de alta dirección – y en las opciones y los resultados más comúnmente estudiados en negocios internacionales. Este marco nos permite sintetizar las contribuciones de la literatura sobre equipos de alta dirección en negocios internacionales e identifica oportunidades para la investigación futura. Las contribuciones de nuestra revisión son tres: Primero, ofrecemos un mapa para navegar la amplia y diversa literatura sobre equipos de alta dirección en negocios internacionales. Segundo, damos una evaluación sistemática y crítica de los desarrollos empíricos y teóricos clave en esta literatura. Tercero, resaltamos las oportunidades para la investigación futura para realizar avances teóricos y empíricos en cada una de las áreas de nuestro marco organizativo. En estas futuras oportunidades de investigación, llamamos particularmente la atención a la necesidad de contextualizar aún más la investigación sobre equipos de alta dirección al proponer oportunidades para incorporar más sistemáticamente la naturaleza única de la empresa multinacional y el entorno externo en el cual la empresa multinacional opera.

Resumo

Este artigo revisa e avalia criticamente a vasta e diversificada literatura sobre equipes de alta administração (TMTs) que se concentrou em questões de negócios internacionais (IB). Aplicamos um modelo organizacional que gira em torno de quatro elementos-chave de TMTs - composição, estrutura, processos e governança de TMT - e as escolhas e resultados relacionados a IB mais comumente estudados. Esse modelo nos permite sintetizar as contribuições da literatura sobre TMTs em IB e identificar oportunidades para pesquisas futuras. As contribuições de nossa revisão são três. Primeiro, oferecemos um roteiro para navegar na grande e diversa literatura sobre TMTs em IB. Em segundo lugar, fornecemos uma avaliação sistemática e crítica dos principais desenvolvimentos empíricos e teóricos desta literatura. Terceiro, destacamos oportunidades para pesquisas futuras fazerem avanços teóricos e empíricos em cada uma das áreas de nosso modelo organizacional. Nessas oportunidades de pesquisa futura, chamamos particular atenção para a necessidade de contextualizar ainda mais a pesquisa de TMT em IB, propondo oportunidades para sistematicamente incorporar mais a natureza única da MNE e o ambiente externo no qual a MNE opera.

摘要

本文综述并批判性地评估了针对国际商务 (IB) 问题的高管团队 (TMT) 的大量文献。我们应用的组织框架围绕着TMT的四个关键要素, 即TMT的组成、结构、流程和治理, 以及最经常被研究的与IB相关的选择和结果。该框架使我们能够综合有关IB中TMT文献的贡献, 并找出未来研究的机会。我们的文献综述有三个方面的贡献。首先, 我们提供了一个路线图, 用于浏览IB中大量的TMT文献。其次, 我们对文献中关键的实证和理论发展进行了系统的和批判性的评估。第三, 我们强调了未来研究的机会, 以便在我们组织框架的每个领域中取得理论和实证上的进步。在这些未来研究的机会中, 我们特别提请注意通过提出机会来更系统地整合跨国企业(MNE)的独特本质和MNE经营的外部环境, 进一步在IB中将TMT研究情境化。

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank the Editor, Bo Nielsen, the Editor-in-Chief, Alain Verbeke, and the anonymous reviewers for their excellent comments and guidance. We would also like to thank Abhijith Acharya, Daniel Mack, and Elizabeth Maitland for their comments on earlier versions of this work. We would like to thank Tommaso Vallone, Mads Wedell-Wedellsborg and Peder Greve for an earlier ideation that lead to this paper, and Tommaso Vallone and Mads Wedell-Wedellsborg for their contribution to the empirical foundations of this work and their valuable research assistance. This research is supported in part by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (HKUST#16505817 and 16507219), the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UID/ECO/00124/2019, UIDB/00124/2020, UIDP/00124/2020 and Social Sciences DataLab - PINFRA/22209/2016), and POR Lisboa and POR Norte (Social Sciences DataLab, PINFRA/22209/2016).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University, 50 Stamford Road, Singapore, 178899, Singapore

    Ilya R. P. Cuypers & Gokhan Ertug

  2. Henley Business School, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6UD, UK

    Charmi Patel

  3. Department of Management, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong

    Jiatao Li

  4. Nova School of Business and Economics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Carcavelos, 2775-405, Carcavelos, Portugal

    Youtha Cuypers

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  1. Ilya R. P. Cuypers
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  2. Charmi Patel
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  3. Gokhan Ertug
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  4. Jiatao Li
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  5. Youtha Cuypers
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Correspondence to Gokhan Ertug.

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Accepted by Bo Nielsen, Consulting Editor, 5 April 2021. This article has been with the authors for two revisions.

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Cuypers, I.R.P., Patel, C., Ertug, G. et al. Top management teams in international business research: A review and suggestions for future research. J Int Bus Stud 53, 481–515 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00456-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00456-9

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