Abstract
Risk is a concept that focuses attention on future possibilities, on the probabilities and potentialities of hazards, dangers or threats that do not yet exist and may or may not materialise. Because of this, the management of risk is generally oriented towards activities and modes of behaviour such as prevention, precaution and proactivity. Risk management is essentially about anticipating negative scenarios with adverse consequences before they occur and, thereafter, ensuring that they either do not occur at all or that their impacts are mitigated and controlled. Essentially, this is what Western governments have attempted to do through several interventions in ostensibly risky states. The point has been to prevent globalised or transnational risks to Western security from materialising rather than responding to threats or emergencies as they arise. In effect, Western governments have explicitly taken up the mantle of risk managers, seeking to govern risk and prevent negative future occurrences.
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United Kingdom Cabinet Office Strategy Unit (November 2002), Risk: Improving Government’s Capability to Handle Risk and Uncertainty (London: Cabinet Office Strategy Unit).
Roland Paris (2004), At War’s End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): p. 40.
Pat Caplan (2000), ‘Introduction: Risk Revisited’, in Pat Caplan (ed.), Risk Revisited (London: Pluto Press): p. 22.
Paul Bracken, Ian Bremmer and David Gordon (2008), ‘Introduction’, in Paul Bracken, Ian Bremmer and David Gordon (eds), Managing Strategic Surprise: Lessons From Risk Management and Risk Assessment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): p. 4.
As Bracken et al. note, we should expect strong differences between individuals and societies when it comes to the management of risk. See Paul Bracken, Ian Bremmer and David Gordon (2008), ‘Conclusion: Managing Strategic Surprise’, in Paul Bracken, Ian Bremmer and David Gordon (eds), Managing Strategic Surprise: Lessons From Risk Management and Risk Assessment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): p. 304.
For example, see Jude McCulloch and Sharon Pickering (2009), ‘Pre-Crime and Counter-Terrorism: Imagining Future Crime in the War on Terror’, British Journal of Criminology 49(5): pp. 628–45
Claudia Aradau and Rens Van Munster (2009), ‘Exceptionalism and the War on Terror: Criminology Meets International Relations’, British Journal of Criminology 49(5): pp. 686–701; Mythen and Walklate, ‘Terrorism, Risk and International Security’; Heng, War as Risk Management.
Paul Bracken (2008), ‘How to Build a Warning System’, in Paul Bracken, Ian Bremmer and David Gordon (eds), Managing Strategic Surprise: Lessons From Risk Management and Risk Assessment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): p. 16.
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The White House, National Security Strategy (2002), p. 6 Resolution: Global.
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David S. Yost (2007), ‘NATO and the Anticipatory Use of Force’, International Affairs 83(1): p. 41 (italics in original)
Also see Robert Jervis (2003), ‘Understanding the Bush Doctrine’, Political Science Quarterly 118(3): pp. 365–88.
Abraham D. Sofaer (2003), ‘On the Necessity of Pre-emption’, European Journal of International Law 14(2): p. 214.
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The White House, National Security Strategy (2002), p. 15 Resolution: Global.
The White House, National Security Strategy (2002), p. 15. Resolution: Global
The White House, National Security Strategy (2002), p. 15. Resolution: Global
Jessica Stern and Jonathan B. Wiener (2008), ‘Precaution Against Terrorism’, in Paul Bracken, Ian Bremmer and David Gordon (eds), Managing Strategic Surprise: Lessons From Risk Management and Risk Assessment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): p. 111.
United Nations Environment Programme (1992), Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentid=78&ar ticleid=1163 (accessed 15 December 2013). Despite the divergent discourses, the politics of the environment and national security have both employed the same concepts and ideas — those of risk, prevention and precaution.
Hans Sanderson and Soren Petersen (2002), ‘Power Analysis as a Reflexive Scientific Tool for Interpretation and Implementation of the Precautionary Principle in the European Union’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 9(4): p. 221.
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Tony Blair (5 March 2004), ‘Prime Minister Warns of Continuing Global Terror Threat’ (London: Office of the Prime Minister).
Kanishka Jayasuriya (2005), Reconstituting the Global Liberal Order: Legitimacy and Regulation (Oxon: Routledge): p. 43.
Hehir argues that the contemporary advocacy for democracy promotion is due precisely to the perception that it is a useful counter-terrorism tool. See Aidan Hehir (2007), ‘The Myth of the Failed State and the War on Terror: A Challenge to the Conventional Wisdom’, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 1(3): p. 322.
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The White House (December 1999), A National Security Strategy for a New Century (Washington D.C.): p. 25 Resolution: Global.
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The White House (May 2010), National Security Strategy (Washington D.C.): p. 37 Resolution: Global.
See Simpson, Great Powers and Outlaw States and Fernando Teson (1992), ‘The Kantian Theory of International Law’, Columbia Law Review 92(1): p. 89.
See Georg Sorensen (2006), ‘Liberalism of Restraint and Liberalism of Imposition: Liberal Values and World Order in the New Millennium’, International Relations 20(3): pp. 251–72
Georg Sorensen (2007), ‘After the Security Dilemma: The Challenges of Insecurity in Weak States and the Dilemma of Liberal Values’, Security Dialogue 38(3): pp. 357–78.
Christian Reus-Smit (2005), ‘Liberal Hierarchy and the Licence to Use Force’, Review of International Studies 31(S1): p. 72.
Beate Jahn (2007), ‘The Tragedy of Liberal Diplomacy: Democratization, Intervention, Statebuilding (Part Two)’, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 1(2): p. 213.
Allen Buchanan and Robert O. Keohane (2004), ‘The Preventive use of Force: A Cosmopolitan Institutional Proposal’, Ethics and International Affairs 18(1): pp. 1–22.
David Garland (1996), ‘The Limits of the Sovereign State: Strategies of Crime Control in Contemporary Society’, British Journal of Criminology 36(4): pp. 445–71.
Nancy Reichman (1986), ‘Managing Crime Risks: Toward an Insurance Based Model of Social Control’, in Andrew T. Scull and Stephen Spitzer (eds), Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control 8 (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press): p. 164.
Gordon Hughes (1998), Understanding Crime Prevention: Social Control, Risk and Late Modernity (Buckingham: Open University Press): p. 59.
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Ronald Clarke (1992), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (New York: Harrow and Heston): p. 4.
Nikolas Rose (1999), Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): p. 237.
For example, see The White House (September 2006), National Strategy for Combating Terrorism (Washington D.C.) Resolution: Global
The White House (June 2011), National Strategy for Counterterrorism (Washington D.C.).
Christopher Hobson (2008), ‘Democracy as Civilisation’, Global Change, Peace and Security 22(1): p. 76.
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© 2014 William Clapton
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Clapton, W. (2014). The Management of Risk. In: Risk and Hierarchy in International Society. Palgrave Studies in International Relations Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137396372_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137396372_4
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