Abstract
Monographs by Caroline Elkins and David Anderson on British policy in the campaign against the Mau Mau insurgency in Kenya, both published in 2005, served to focus scholarly attention on the role of extreme force in sustaining colonial rule, and to puncture the commonly held notion that the transfer of power in the British Empire was a largely peaceful process.1 They have been followed by more recent studies that have shed light on some of the darker corners of British policy in Kenya.2 The idea that there was a brutal and largely hidden history of British decolonization received a powerful boost in 2011 by the revelation that the British government had withheld thousands of files on late-colonial policy relating not only to Kenya but to scores of other British territories. These so-called migrated archives were generated by the local colonial administrations and removed to the UK at independence, where they were secretly stored, latterly at offices in Hanslope Park, Buckinghamshire.3 The British government admitted to their existence during a case brought against it in the High Court in London by a group of elderly former Mau Mau detainees who were claiming they had been brutally treated while in custody4 The year 2011 also saw the publication of a number of high-profile historical studies that served as a further reminder the British Empire was sustained by the ruthless deployment of violence, and that its end was accompanied by vicious counter-insurgency campaigns in Palestine, Malaya, Kenya, and Cyprus.5
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D. Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: Britain’s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005;
C. Elkins, Britain’s Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya, London, Jonathan Cape, 2005.
See e.g. H. Bennett, ‘The British army and controlling barbarisation during the Kenya emergency’, in G. Kassimeris, ed., The Warrior’s Dishonour: Barbarity, Morality and Torture in Modern Warfare, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006, pp. 59–80;
D. Branch, Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency,Civil War and Decolonization, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
For an account of the treatment of the records of British colonial administrations on independence, which provides a useful background to the Hanslope Park case, see M. Banton, ‘Destroy? “Migrate”? Conceal? British strategies for the disposal of sensitive records of colonial administrations at independence’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 40, 2, 2012, pp. 323–337.
For three fascinating accounts of the trial (‘Ndiku Mutua and others v the Foreign and Commonwealth Office’) by the historians who advised the claimants’ legal teams, see D. Anderson, ‘Mau Mau in the High Court and the “lost” British Empire archives: Colonial conspiracy or bureaucratic bungle?’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 39, 5, 2011, pp. 699–716;
H. Bennett, ‘Soldiers in the court room: The British Army’s part in the Kenya Emergency under the legal spotlight’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 39, 5, 2011, pp. 717–730;
and C. Elkins, ‘Alchemy of evidence: Mau Mau, the British Empire and the High Court of justice’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 39, 5, 2011, pp. 731–748. For a full transcript of Mr Justice McCombe’s judgment in favour of the claimants on 21 July 2011, see www.judiciary.gov.uk/Resources/JCO/Documents/Judgments/mutua-v-ors-judgment.pdf, accessed 26 June 2012.
R. Gott, Britain’s Empire: Resistance, Repression and Revolt, London, Verso, 2011;
B. Grob-Fitzgibbon, Imperial Endgame: Britain’s Dirty Wars and the End of Empire, London, Palgrave, 2011;
D. French, The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011.
P. Murphy, British Documents on the End of Empire: Central Africa, Parts I & II, London, The Stationery Office, 2005.
See P. Murphy, ‘A police state? The Nyasaland Emergency and colonial intelligence’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 36, 4, 2010, pp. 765–780.
The classic exposition of this myth is in Smith’s own memoir. See I. Smith, The Great Betrayal, London, John Blake, 1997.
P. Murphy, Party Politics and Decolonization: The Conservative Party and British Colonial Policy in Tropical Africa, 1951–1964, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 73–74.
Entry for 5 March 1959, P. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries: Prime Minister and After, 1957–66, London, Macmillan, 2011, p. 203.
Murphy, Central Africa, Part II, 2005, pp. 399–401.
P. Murphy, ‘“An intricate and distasteful subject”: British planning for the use of force against the European settlers of Central Africa, 1952–1965’, English Historical Review, CXXI, 492, 2006, pp. 773–774.
C. Baker, Development Governor: A Biography of Sir Geoffrey Colby, London, British Academic Press, 1994, p. 290.
Murphy, Central Africa, Part I, 2005, p. 197.
D. Goldsworthy, British Documents on the End of Empire, series A, vol. 3: The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957, part II, London, The Stationery Office, 1994, pp. 307–310.
Murphy, Central Africa, Part I, 2005, pp. 423–426.
Murphy, ‘An intricate and distasteful subject’, 2006, pp. 755–763.
See e.g. J. N. Pieterse, White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture, London, Yale University Press, 1992.
Murphy, Central Africa, Part I, 2005, pp. 375–377.
B. Simpson, ‘The Devlin Commission 1959: Colonialism, emergencies and the rule of law’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 22, 1, 2002, pp. 17–52.
Murphy, Central Africa, Part II, 2005, pp. 29–34.
P. Murphy and J. Lewis, ‘“The old pals’ protection society?” The Colonial Office and the British press on the eve of decolonisation’, in C. Kaul, ed., Media and the British Empire, London, Palgrave, 2006, pp. 55–69.
Murphy, Central Africa, Part II, 2005, pp. 27–28.
C. M. Morris, ed., Kaunda on Violence, London, Collins, 1980, p. 50.
Murphy, Central Africa, part II, 2005, p. 384.
For a trenchant discussion of reactions to the massacres, including that of the Thatcher Government, see I. Phimister, ‘The making and meaning of the massacres in Matabeleland’, Development Dialogue, 50, 2008, pp. 197–212.
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Murphy, P. (2015). Acceptable Levels? The Use and Threat of Violence in Central Africa, 1953–64. In: Jerónimo, M.B., Pinto, A.C. (eds) The Ends of European Colonial Empires. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137394064_8
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