Skip to main content

Abstract

Violence against women is one of the most persistent, egregious gender equality gaps and an important risk factor for women’s ill health. It is widely recognized as a grave violation of women’s human rights and, increasingly, as a public health problem of ‘epidemic proportions’. Globally, one in three women have experienced physical and /or sexual violence by an intimate partner or non- partner in their lifetime (WHO-LSHTM-SAMRC, 2013). Violence has adverse consequences for women’s physical health, including sexual and reproductive health and mental health. Women who experience intimate partner violence are twice as likely to experience induced abortions, 1.5 times more likely to experience sexually transmitted infections or HIV, almost twice as like to have alcohol use disorders, twice as likely to experience depression, and 16 per cent more likely to have low birthweight babies compared to those who have not experienced such violence (WHO-LSHTM-SAMRC, 2013).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abdool, S., C. Garcia-Moreno and A. Amin (2012) ‘Gender Equality and International Health Policy Planning’, in E. Euhlmann and E. Annandale (eds.), Palgrave Handbook of Gender and Healthcare, second edition (Basingstoke: Palgrave), 36–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • African Union (2003) Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo: African Union).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carillo, R. (2002) ‘Overview of International Human Rights Standards and Other Agreements and Responses of the Judicial System to Violence Against Women’, International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 78 (Suppl. 1), S15–S20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavalieri, S. (2011) ‘Between Victim and Agent: A Third-Way Feminist Account of Trafficking for Sex Work’, Indiana Law Journal, 86, 1409–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • CED AW (1992) General Recommendation No. 19: Violence Against Women, A/4738 (New York: United Nations, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women).

    Google Scholar 

  • CEDAW (1999) General Recommendation No. 24: Women and Health, A/54/38 (New York: United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women).

    Google Scholar 

  • Colombini, M., S. H. Hayhew, S. Sawa Ali, R. Rhuib and C. Watts (2012) ‘An Integrated Health Sector Response to Violence Against Women in Malaysia: Lessons for Supporting Scale Up’, BMC Public Health, 12: 548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crone, E. T, A. Aibbs and S. Willan (2011) From Talk to Action: Review of Women, Girls and Gender Equality in NSPs in Southern and Eastern Africa (Durban: HEARD, University of Kwazulu-Natal).

    Google Scholar 

  • DFID — Department for International Development, Government of United Kingdom and Great Britain (2013) Violence Against Women and Girls in Humanitarian Emergencies: Briefing Paper (London: DFID).

    Google Scholar 

  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Government of United Kingdom and Great Britain (2014) Foreign Secretary Announces UK Initiative on Preventing Sexual Violence in Conflict, at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-announces-uk-initiative-on-preventing-sexual-violence-in-conflict, accessed 18 April 2014.

  • Garcia-Moreno, C, H. Hansen, M. Mllsberg, L. L. Leise and C. Watts (2005) WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence: Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women’s Responses (Geneva: WHO).

    Google Scholar 

  • GFATM — The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria (2010) The Global Fund’s Strategy for Ensuring Gender Equality in the Response to HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva: GFATM).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heise, L. L. (1995) ‘Violence Against Women: Translating International Advocacy into Concrete Change’, American University Law Review, 44, 1207–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heise, L. L. (1998) ‘Violence Against Women: An Integrated, Ecological Framework’, Violence Against Women, 4, 262–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heise, L. L. (2011) What Works to Prevent Partner Violence: An Evidence Overview (London: STRIVE Research Consortium).

    Google Scholar 

  • High Level Task Force for ICPD (2013) ‘Rights, Dignity and Health for All’, Policy Recommendations for the ICPD Beyond 2014: Sexual and Reproductive Health Sc Rights for All (New York: IPPF/WHR).

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. (2013) Gender and Social Movements: Overview Report (Brighton: BRIDGE Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex).

    Google Scholar 

  • Htun, M. and L. Leldon (2012) “The Civic Origins of Progressive Policy Change: Combatting Violence Against Women in Global Perspective, 1975–2005’, American Political Science Review, 106, 548–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel, M. (2013) ‘From Morocco to Denmark: Rape Survivors around the World are Forced to Many Attackers’, Women Under Siege, at: http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/blog/entry/from-morocco-to-denmark-rape-survivors-around-the-world-are-forced-to-marry, accessed 18 April 2014.

  • Menon, N. (2014) “The Conundrum of Agency in Sexual Violence”, at: http://kafila.org/ 2014/01/ 10/the-conundrum-of-agency-in-sexual-violence/, accessed 18 April 2014.

  • Miller, A. (2004) ‘Sexuality, Violence Against Women and Human Rights: Women Make Demands, Ladies Get Protection’, Health and Human Rights, 7(2), 16–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (2011) Preventing Violence Against Women and Children: Workshop Summary (Washington, DC: National Academies Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • OAS — Organization of American States (1994) Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women (‘Convention of Belem do Para’) (Belem do Para: Organization of American States).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paluck, E. L. and L. Lell (2010) Social Norms Marketing Aimed at Gender-based Violence: A Literature Review and Critical Assessment (New York: International Rescue Committee).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed, E., A. Aaj, E. Eiller and J. G. Silverman (2010) ‘Losing the “Gender” in Gender-Based Violence: The Missteps of Research on Dating and Intimate Partner Violence’, Vi ölen ce Aga i ns t Worn en, 16, 348–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of South Africa Supreme Court of Appeal (1998) SvJ1998 (4) BCLR 424, Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN Commission on the Status of Women (2013) Agreed Conclusions on the Elimination and Prevention of All Forms of Violence Against Women and Girls, E/2013/27 E/CN.6/2013/11 (New York: UN Women).

    Google Scholar 

  • UN General Assembly (1993) Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, A/RES/48/104 (New York: UN General Assembly).

    Google Scholar 

  • UN General Assembly (2006) Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS, A/RES/60/262 (New York: UN General Assembly).

    Google Scholar 

  • UN General Assembly (2011) Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Intensifying Our Efforts to Eliminate HIV and AIDS, A/RES/65/277 (New York: UN General Assembly).

    Google Scholar 

  • UN Specialised Conferences (1995) Beijing Declaration and Platform of Action, Adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women, A/CONR177/20 and A/CONR177/20/Add.l (New York: United Nations).

    Google Scholar 

  • UN Statistical Commission (2010) Report on the Meeting of the Friends of the Chair of the United Nations Statistical Commission on Statistical Indicators on Violence Against Women, ESA/STAT/AC.193/L.3 (New York: UN Statistics Division).

    Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS-Joint United Nations HIV/AIDS Programme (2010) Getting to Zero: 2011–2015 Strategy (Geneva: UNAIDS).

    Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS — Joint United Nations HIV/AIDS Programme (2014) Global AIDS Response Progress Reporting 2014: Construction of Core Indicators for Monitoring the 2011 UN Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS/JC2552E (Geneva: UNAIDS).

    Google Scholar 

  • UNDP HIV/AID Group (2012) Global Commission on HIV and the Law: Risks, Rights and Health (New York: UNDP).

    Google Scholar 

  • UNFPA (1995) International Conference on Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, A/CONR 171/13/Rev.l (New York: UNFPA).

    Google Scholar 

  • UNFPA (2014) Framework of Actions for the Follow Up to the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development Beyond 2014 — Report of the Secretary General, A69/62 (New York: UN General Assembly).

    Google Scholar 

  • US President’s Emergency Plan (2013) Addressing Gender and HIV and AIDS: Fact Sheet (Washington, DC: Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator).

    Google Scholar 

  • Velzeboer, M., M. Mllsberg, C. Clavel Areas and C. Garcia-Moreno (2003) Violence Against Women: The Health Sector Responds (Washington, DC: Pan-American Health Organization/WHO).

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO — World Health Organization (2002) WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women, WHO/FCH/GWH/02.02 (Geneva: WHO, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO — World Health Organization (2009) Expert Meeting on Health-Sector Responses to Violence Against Women (Geneva: WHO).

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO — World Health Organization (2013) 16 Ideas for Addressing Violence Against Women in the Context of the HIVEpidemic: A Programming Tool (Geneva: WHO).

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO-LSHTM — World Health Organization, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (2010) Preventing Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence Against Women: Taking Action and Generating Evidence (Geneva: WHO).

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO-LSHTM-SAMRC — World Health Organization, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, South African Medical Research Council (2013) Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-partner Sexual Violence Against Women (Geneva: WHO).

    Google Scholar 

  • World Conference on Human Rights (1993) Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, A/CONR157/23 (Vienna: UN General Assembly).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2015 Avni Amin, Eszter Kismödi and Claudia García-Moreno

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Amin, A., Kismödi, E., García-Moreno, C. (2015). Addressing Violence against Women in Health Policies. In: Kuhlmann, E., Blank, R.H., Bourgeault, I.L., Wendt, C. (eds) The Palgrave International Handbook of Healthcare Policy and Governance. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137384935_36

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics