Abstract
For most of its existence, Pakistan has been ruled either directly by the military or by military-controlled governments. Until the restoration of democracy in 2008, there were two major democratic interludes (1972–1977; 1990–1998) both after game-changing events; the first because of a military defeat and East Pakistan’s secession and the second after the sudden death of a military dictator, General Zia-ul-Haq. Yet both interludes also occurred because of popular movements for democratic governance.
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Notes
Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan in the Twentieth Century: A Political History (Oxford, 1997), p. 146.
Zulfikar Khalid Maluka, The Myth of Constitutionalism in Pakistan (Oxford, 1995), pp. 174–175.
Hasan-Askari Rizvi, ‘The Pakistan Military: A Bibliographical Note’, in Charles H. Kennedy, Kathleen McNeil, Carl Ernst and David Gilmartin, eds, Pakistan at the Millennium (Oxford, 2003), pp. 113–114.
Afak Haydar, ‘The Politicization of the Shias and the Development of the Tehrik-e-Nifaz-e-Fiqh-e-Jafaria in Pakistan’, in Charles H. Kennedy, ed., Pakistan: 1992 (Colorado, 1993), p. 106. See also Rubya Mehdi, The Islamization of the Law in Pakistan (Richmond, 1994).
Iqbal Akhund, Trial and Error: The Advent and Eclipse of Benazir Bhutto(Oxford, 2000), p. 305.
Larry Goodson, ‘Foreign Policy Gone Awry: The Kalashnikovization and Talibanization of Pakistan’, in Craig Baxter and Charles H. Kennedy, eds, Pakistan 1999 (Oxford, 2001), p. 107.
Samina Ahmed, ‘The Military and Ethnic Politics’, in Charles H. Kennedy and Rasul Baksh Rais, eds, Pakistan: 1995 (Karachi, 1995), pp. 113–114.
William L. Richter, ‘1990 General Elections’, in Charles H. Kennedy, ed., Pakistan: 1992 (Colorado, 1993), p. 22.
Hina Jilani, Human Rights and Democratic Development in Pakistan (Montreal, 1998), p. 59.
Charles H. Kennedy, ‘Presidential-Prime Ministerial Relations: The Role of the Superior Courts’, in Kennedy and Rais, Pakistan: 1995, pp. 7–8. See also Maluka, The Myth of Constitutionalism, pp. 277–298.
Thomas P. Thornton, ‘A Long Way to Lahore: India and Pakistan Negotiate’, in Baxter and Kennedy, Pakistan 1999, pp. 75–78.
Qamar Zaman and Abdul Manan, ‘Gilani rules out army deployment, despite souring violence in Karachi’, The Express Tribune, 22 August 2011.
Declan Walsh, ‘WikiLeaks cables: Pakistani army chief considered plan to oust president’, The Guardian, 30 November 2010.
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© 2014 Samina Ahmed
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Ahmed, S. (2014). The Uncertain Future of Pakistan’s Democracy. In: Chakma, B. (eds) South Asia in Transition. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137356642_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137356642_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
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