Abstract
On 6 March, 1957, political and cultural leaders from around the world including Richard Nixon, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, Norman Manley, A. Philip Randolph, and Mrs. Louis Armstrong assembled in Accra to celebrate the independence of Ghana from British rule.1 On the trip to Accra for the ceremony, George and Dorothy found themselves on a VIP plane with former British governors, the British Parliamentary delegation, the Norwegian ambassador, and delegations from China, Burma, and Malaya. Describing the journey, Dorothy joked to Ellen Wright that ‘I believe we were the only “unimportant” people on the plane.’2 Although Dorothy’s comment was likely intended partly as a sarcastic jibe against established power, it also contained some truth. Padmore never held any ‘official’ leadership position since his time with the ITUCNW. His name was known as an author and journalist to a circle of people in West Africa, the Caribbean, Britain, and the United States. Rarely were newspaper stories ever printed about him, outside of the recent attacks in the Ashanti Pioneer. He was not revered as a political, intellectual, nor cultural figure in the same manner as leaders like Ralph Bunche, W.E.B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, or Kwame Nkrumah.
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Notes
W.S. Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969), p 28; D.Z. Poe, Kwame Nkrumah’s Contribution to Pan-Africanism (London: Routledge, 2003), p 108.
J. Hooker, Black Revolutionary (London: Pall Mall Press, 1967), p 109.
D. Austin, Ghana Observed (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1976), p 49.
D. Austin, Politics in Ghana (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 364–369.
R. Rathbone, Nkrumah and the Chiefs (Oxford: James Currey, 2000), pp. 151–155. See also B. Amonoo, Ghana, 1957–1966 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp. 1–2. For disagreement that Ghana was a dictatorship after 1960, see D. Apter, Ghana in Transition (New York: Atheneum, 1963), p xvi.
No author, ‘Padmore Hints New Job for CiPiPists’, Accra Evening News, 26 March 1957.
Jeffrey Ahlman, ‘Road to Ghana: Nkrumah, Southern Africa and the Eclipse of a Decolonizing Africa’, Kronos 37, no. 1 (2011), p 25.
A. Biney, The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), p 135. Kojo Botsio was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1958.
Raphael Dalleo, ‘“The Independence So Hardly Won Has Been Maintained”: C.L.R. James and the U.S. Occupation of Haiti’, Cultural Critique 87 (Spring 2014), pp. 38–59.
J. Ahlman, ‘A New Type of Citizen: Youth, Gender, and Generation in the Ghanaian Builders Brigade’, Journal of African History 53, no. 1 (March 2012), pp. 87–105. For the general importance of youth in postcolonial African societies, see Mamadou Diouf, ‘Engaging Postcolonial Cultures: African Youth and Public Space’, African Studies Review 46, no. 2 (2003), pp. 1–12.
G. Shepperson and St. Claire Drake, ‘The Fifth Pan-African Congress’, Contributions in Black Studies 8, Article 5 (1986), pp. 55–56.
J. Allman, ‘Nuclear Imperialism and the Pan-African Struggle for Peace and Freedom: Ghana, 1959–1962’, Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society 10, no. 2 (2008), p 86. For Accra as an ‘extra-metropolitan’ centre, see Meredith Terretta, ‘Cameroonian Nationalists Go Global: From Forest Maquis to a Pan-African Accra’, Journal of African History 51, no. 2 (July 2010) , pp. 189–212.
For Nkrumah’s struggle with the Algerian Question and the use of violence, see Jeffrey Ahlman, ‘The Algerian Question in Nkrumah’s Ghana, 19581960: Debating “Violence” and “Nonviolence” in African Decolonization’, Africa Today 57, no. 2 (Winter 2010), pp. 67–84.
Quoted in Leo Zeilig, Lumumba: Africa’s Lost Leader (London: Haus Publishing, 2008), p 67.
Irwin, Gordian Knot (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p 37; Munro, ‘The Anti-Colonial Front’,p 426.
Mabel Dove, ‘He Lives’, Ghana Times, 28 September 1959. For more on Mabel Dove, see S. Newell and A. Gadzekpo, eds Mabel Dove (Nottingham: Trent Editions, 2004). Dove’s poem affirms a consistent theme in Akan Highlife songs that death is a reality ‘from which no one returns’, but acknowledges that Padmore’s physical death does not preclude his intellectual survival. S. Van der Geest, ‘The Image of Death in Akan Highlife Songs of Ghana’, Research in African Literatures 11, no. 2 (Summer 1980), p 169.
A. Gregory, The Last Great War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p 7.
Stewart, ‘Now sorrow walks the streets with bended head’, Evening News, 3 October 1959.
K. Gaines, American Africans in Ghana (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Caroline Press, 2006), p 26.
D. Scott, Conscripts of Modernity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004), p 133.
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© 2015 Leslie James
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James, L. (2015). Ghana, Death, and the Afterlife. In: George Padmore and Decolonization from Below. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137352026_9
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