Abstract
The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway did not go through the same religious conflicts as the German states south of the border. Kings of the 16th century sought internal stability and consensus, a line followed by Christian IV in the 17th century. The possessions and estates of the Church had been assigned to the Crown, making the king by far the wealthiest and greatest landowner in the kingdom. The new Protestant or, in the term used by reformers, Evangelical Church, was no longer a legislative authority except in religious matters against its own. Many of the leading reformers had studied in Wittenberg, and for most of the 16th century Philipist Protestantism was the dominant form among theologians. This changed from the end of the century with the suspension of Niels Hemmingsen, professor at the university and a famous theologian.240 The removal of Hemmingsen in 1579 made way for the more strict Lutheran Orthodoxy that came to dominate the 17th century, theologically as well as in legislation.
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Notes
Scocozza, Benito, Ved afgrundens rand. Politiken and Gyldendals Danmarkshistorie, vol. 8, Olsen, Olaf (ed.) (Gyldendalske Boghandel and Nordisk Forlag: Copenhagen, 1989), pp. 136–138.
A similar privilege is known from other contemporary towns, including Ribe, see Kallestrup, Louise Nyholm, ‘Women, Witches, and the Town Courts of Ribe’ in Muravyeva, Marianna and Raisa Maria Toivo (eds.), Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Routledge: London 2013), pp. 124–136.
Piombino was already under Spanish rule in 1557. For the founding of the presidios, see Tognarini, Ivano, ‘Orbetello. I presìdi di Toscana e il Mediterraneo. Il destino di un territorio tra Cosimo de’Medici, Bernardo Tanucci e Napoleone’ in Orbetello e The presidios, Guarducci, Anna (ed.) (Centro Editoriale Toscano: Florence and Pontassieve 2000), pp. 114–117.
For English works, see Spain in Italy, Politics, Society, and Religion 1500–1700, Dandelet, Thomas and John Marino (eds.) (Brill: Leiden and Boston 2007).
Symcox, Geoffrey, ‘The political world of the absolute state in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries’ in Early Modern Italy, Marino, John (ed.) (Oxford University Press: Oxford 2002), pp. 104–122.
Examples of such edicts are reproduced in Di Simplicio (2005), pp. 32ff.; Canosa, Romano, Storia dell’Inquisizione in Italia dalla metà del cinquecento alla fi ne del settecento, vols. 1–5 (Sapere: Rome 2000), pp. 168ff.
Ginatempo, Maria, Crisi di un territorio. Il popolamento della Toscana senese alla fi ne del medioevo (Olschki: Florence 1988), demographic map, p. 449;
Beloch, Karl Julius, Storia della popolazione d’Italia, reprinted in 1994 (Le Lettere: Florence 1937–1961), p. 337. In his major demographic work Storia della Populazione d’Italia Karl Julius Beloch states that he could not calculate numbers for the garrison in Orbetello. It was, however, possible to document that in 1740 another garrison town in the area, Porto Longone, housed a garrison of 2577 soldiers. According to Beloch, 765 civilian inhabitants were found in the town at the same time. It has likewise been difficult to find information on the number of inhabitants in Orbetello. From a monograph on the population crisis in Tuscany in the Middle Ages, it appears that Orbetello was to have 600–800 inhabitants in 1532. A reasonable estimate would probably be that there were about 1,000 inhabitants around 1650. Beloch lists the population of Orbetello and its surrounding areas to be approximately 2,900 in 1784.
For a general introduction to daily life in the 16th century, see Cohen, Elizabeth S. and Thomas V. Cohen, Daily life in Renaissance Italy (Greenwood Press: Westport and London 2001).
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Kallestrup, L.N. (2015). The local studies. In: Agents of Witchcraft in Early Modern Italy and Denmark. Palgrave Historical Studies in Witchcraft and Magic. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137316974_5
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