Skip to main content

The Colonial Travels and Travails of Smallpox Vaccine, c.1820–1840

  • Chapter
Migration, Health and Ethnicity in the Modern World

Part of the book series: Science, Technology and Medicine in Modern History ((STMMH))

Abstract

In 1803, the newly established Royal Jennerian Society expressed confidence that the complete extermination of smallpox was under their control. ‘It is not in the course of human probability that centuries will again present such an opportunity of doing good’, it declared.1 Five years earlier, Edward Jenner’s An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccine had demonstrated that deliberate exposure to the infection of cowpox conferred permanent protection from the much more serious and contagious disease of smallpox. This process, developed in the fields of rural England, seemed safer and decidedly more modern than the practice of inoculating with live smallpox matter that had been introduced to Britain earlier in the eighteenth century.2

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Edward Jenner, An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccine (London: Sampson Low, 1798).

    Google Scholar 

  2. David Arnold, Colonizing the Body (London, Berkeley and Los Angeles: California University Press, 1993), 139–40.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Michael Bennett, ‘Smallpox and Cowpox under the Southern Cross: The Smallpox Epidemic of 1789 and the Advent of Vaccination in Colonial Australia’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 83 (2009), 37–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Martha Few, ‘Circulating Smallpox Knowledge: Guatemalan Doctors, Maya Indians and Designing Spain’s Smallpox Vaccination Expedition’, British Journal for the History of Science, 43 (2010), 519–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Catherine Mark and José G. Rigau-Pérez, ‘The World’s First Immunization Campaign: The Spanish Smallpox Vaccine Expedition, 1803–1813’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 83 (2009), 63–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Mark Harrison, Disease and the Modern World (Cambridge: Polity, 2004), 64.

    Google Scholar 

  7. J.Z. Bowers, ‘The Odyssey of Smallpox Vaccination’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 55 (1981), 17–33

    Google Scholar 

  8. Niels Brimnes, ‘Variolation, Vaccination and Popular Resistance in Early Colonial South India’, Medical History, 48 (2004), 199–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Andrea Rusnock, ‘Catching Cowpox: The Early Spread of Smallpox Vaccination, 1798–1810’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 83 (2009), 17–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Michael Bennett, ‘Jenner’s Ladies: Women and Vaccination in Early-Nineteenth Century Britain’, History, 93:312 (2008), 497–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. David Arnold, ‘Smallpox and Colonial Medicine in Nineteenth-Century India’, in David Arnold (ed.), Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies: Disease, Medicine and Empire in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 45–65.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Nadja Durbach, Bodily Matters: The Anti-Vaccination Movement in England, 1853–1907 (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2005), 6

    Google Scholar 

  13. Sanjoy Bhattacharya, Mark Harrison and Michael Worboys, Fractured States: Smallpox, Public Health and Vaccination Policy in British India, 1800–1947 (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2005)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Harish Naraindas, ‘Care, Welfare and Treason: The Advent of Vaccination in the 19th Century’, Contributions to Indian Sociology, 32 (1998), 67–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Melissa Leach and James Fairhead, Vaccine Anxieties: Global Science, Child Health & Society (London: Earthscan, 2007), 2.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Alison Bashford, Imperial Hygiene. A Critical History of Colonialism, Nationalism and Public Health (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 15

    Google Scholar 

  17. Alison Bashford, ‘Foreign Bodies: Vaccination, Contagion and Colonialism in the Nineteenth Century’, in Alison Bashford and Claire Hooker (eds), Contagion: Historical and Cultural Studies (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), 39–60

    Google Scholar 

  18. M.F. Wagstaffe, Strictures on the Cow Pox, or Vaccine Inoculation (Southwark: W. Kemmish, 1800), 1

    Google Scholar 

  19. John Coakley Lettsom, MD, Expositions on the Inoculation of the Smallpox and of the Cow Pock, 2nd edn (London: H. Fry, 1806), 1

    Google Scholar 

  20. Thomas Trotter, Medicina Nautica, Vol. 1, 2nd edn (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, 1804), 387–8.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Brian Vale and Griffith Edwards, Physician to the Fleet: The Life and Times of Thomas Trotter, 1760–1832 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2011), 137.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Alan G. Brunger, ‘Geographical Propinquity among Pre-Famine Catholic Irish settlers in Upper Canada’, Journal of Historical Geography, 8 (1982), 265–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine, Migration and Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 17

    Book  Google Scholar 

  24. Elizabeth Jane Errington, Emigrant Worlds and Transatlantic Communities: Migration to Upper Canada in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2007), 16

    Google Scholar 

  25. Carol Bennett, Peter Robinson’s Settlers (Renfrew: Juniper Books, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Stephen Howe, Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), xv.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Deborah Brunton, The Politics of Vaccination: Practice and Policy in England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, 1800–1874 (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2008), 15–16.

    Google Scholar 

  28. John Thomson, Historical Sketch of the Opinions Entertained by Medical Men Respecting the Varieties and the Secondary Occurrence of Small-pox (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown/Edinburgh: David Brown, 1822), 397–8.

    Google Scholar 

  29. John Jennings Cribb, On Small-pox and Cow-pox (Cambridge: W. & W. Hatfield, 1825), 70.

    Google Scholar 

  30. See, for example, Dr Erdmann, ‘On Vaccine Matter’, Lancet, 8:205 (4 August 1827), 553–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. John Leeson, ‘Phenomena in Vaccination’, Lancet, 12:303 (20 June 1829), 364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Richard Laming, ‘On Vaccination’, Lancet, 12:305 (4 July 1829), 420–1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. William Howison, ‘Remarks on Vaccination’, Lancet, 16:411 (16 July 1831), 494–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Anon., ‘small-Pox Hospital’, Lancet, 2:37 (12 June 1824), 349–51, 350; Dr. Delagrange, ‘On the Present State of Vaccination in France’, Lancet, 12:310 (8 August 1829), 582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. John Epps, MD, ‘London Vaccine Institutions’, Lancet, 16:406 (11 June 1831), 331–3.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Admiralty, Instructions for Surgeons-Superintendents on Board Convict Ships (London: William Clowes, 1838)

    Google Scholar 

  37. ‘P. Reilly, Esq. RN’, 2. For further discussion on emigrant and convict voyages to Australia, see Katherine Foxhall, Health, Medicine and the Sea: Australian Voyages: c.1815–1860 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2012)

    Google Scholar 

  38. See, for example, John Ring, A Caution Against Vaccine Swindlers and Imposters (London: J. Callow, 1816).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Epps, ‘London Vaccine Institutions’; Medicus, ‘Reply to the Statement of Dr Epps’, Lancet, 16:412 (25 June 1831), 416.

    Google Scholar 

  40. For more on biomedical exchange, see Warwick Anderson, ‘The Possession of Kuru: Medical Science and Biocolonial Exchange’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 42:4 (2000), 713–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. The 1833 Act of Emancipation formally ended slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834. In the West Indies a transitional period known as apprenticeship existed until ‘full’ emancipation on 1 August 1838. See Melanie J. Newton, The Children of Africa in the Colonies: Free People of Color in Barbados in the Age of Emancipation (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2008).

    Google Scholar 

  42. As Governor of the Windwards, MacGregor was responsible for receiving all correspondence from the Lieutenant Governors of the other islands and selecting the matters to be brought to Colonial Office attention. D.J. Murray, The West Indies and the Development of Colonial Government 1801–1834 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), 181.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Richard B. Sheridan, Doctors and Slaves: A Medical and Demographic History of Slavery in the British West Indies, 1680–1834 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 249–53

    Book  Google Scholar 

  44. Kenneth Kiple, The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 144–5.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Larry Stewart, ‘The Edge of Utility: Slaves and Smallpox in the Early Eighteenth Century’, Medical History, 29 (1985), 54–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. B.W. Higman, Slave Populations of the British Caribbean: 1807–1834 (Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 1995) 278–9

    Google Scholar 

  47. On Mixed Commissions, see Farida Sheikh, ‘Judicial Diplomacy: British Officials and the Mixed Commission Courts’, in Keith Hamiltom and Patrick Salmon (eds), Slavery, Diplomacy and Empire: Britain and the Suppression of the Slave Trade (Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2009), 42–64

    Google Scholar 

  48. Leslie Bethell, ‘The Mixed Commission for the Suppression of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century’, Journal of African History, 7:1 (1966), 79–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Bonham C. Richardson, ‘Caribbean Migrations, 1838–1985’, in Franklin A. Wright and Colin A. Palmer (eds), The Modern Caribbean (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 203–28

    Google Scholar 

  50. William A. Green, British Slave Emancipation: The Sugar Colonies and the Great Experiment, 1830–1865 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 261–71.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2013 Katherine Foxhall

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Foxhall, K. (2013). The Colonial Travels and Travails of Smallpox Vaccine, c.1820–1840. In: Cox, C., Marland, H. (eds) Migration, Health and Ethnicity in the Modern World. Science, Technology and Medicine in Modern History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137303233_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137303233_5

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-45412-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-30323-3

  • eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics