Abstract
This chapter contends that Yanaihara established the study of population migration based on his interest in the mobility of society, a factor that had a global impact on the international system. The scope of this study was much wider than the Japanese general concern over “colonization” (shokumin). In his time, great powers divided the world into territories, or spheres of interest, thus restricting opportunities of free migration by separate sets of legislation. In the context of great power competition, population migration was a thorny issue as it would change the balance of power or it could coincide with a state’s desire for territorial expansion. However, Yanaihara challenged the conventional notion that population migration was always dictated by imperial powers. I will show how he conceptualized the movement of people as a fundamental driving force of global political and economic reconfiguration, and how he developed an alternative historical perspective of a decentralized world society as the dynamic arena of socioeconomic and cultural interactions among diverse social and cultural constituencies.
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Notes
Haruyama Meitetsu, “Meiji Kenpō Taisei to Taiwan Tōchi” [The Establishment of Meiji Constitution and the Governance of Taiwan], in Iwanami Kōza Kindai Nihon to Shokuminchi 6: Teikō to Kutsujū [Iwanami Lectures on Modern Japan and Its Colonies 6: Resista nce and Submission], ed. Ōe Shinoo, et al. (Iwanami, 1993), 47–48.
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Describing Japanese intellectual traits, Sakai Tetsuya argues that the fundamental difference from European worldview was the dual aspect of international order. Although Japan entered European “international order,” which “was constituted of a set of legally equal sovereign states in Europe and could be seen as ‘anarchical society’ separated from ‘imperial order,’ it would be impossible for Japan to situate herself utterly outside of the ‘imperial order.’” Sakai Tetsuya, “The Political Discourse of International Order in Modern Japan, 1869–1945,” Japanese Journal of Political Science 9 (2008): 236. See also Ch. 5.
Yanaihara Tadao, “Beikoku no Nihon Imin Haiseki ni tsuite” [On the US Exclusion of Japanese Immigrants] (1926), in YTZ 1, 604.
Yanaihara Tadao, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku [Population Migration and Colonial Policy] (1926), in YTZ 1, 14.
Yanaihara Tadao, “Shokumin naru Moji no Shiyō ni Tsuite” [On the Use of Shokumin] (1932), in YTZ 5, 271–282.
Edward Gibbon Wakefield, A View of the Art of Colonization, in Letters between a Statesman and a Colonist (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1914), 16.
I have argued elsewhere that Susan C. Townsend incorrectly suggested that Yanaihara followed Lewis’s “much older” and “narrower” definition of colonization. Ryoko Nakano, “Uncovering Shokumin: Yanaihara Tadao’s Concept of Global Civil Society,” Social Science Japan Journal 9, no. 2 (2006): 193.
Yanaihara was a keen listener to Nitobe’s lectures when he was a student from 1912 to 1917. After Nitobe’s death in 1933, Yanaihara wrote a summarized version of Nitobe’s lectures based on his and his fellows’ class notes, which was included in Yanaihara Tadao, ed. “Nitobe Hakushi Shokumin Seisaku Kōgi oyobi Ronbunshū” [Lectures and Writings of Dr. Nitobe on Colonial Policy] in 1943.
See Nitobe Inazō, Nitobe Inazō Zenshū [The Complete Work of Nitobe Inazō] 4, ed. Takagi Yasaka et al. (Kyōbunkan, 1969), 5–389.
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See, for example, Duncan Bell, The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860–1900 (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007), 47–55.
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Yanaihara Tadao, “Adamu Sumisu no Shokuminchi-ron” [Theory of the Colony by Adam Smith] (1925), in YTZ 1, 666.
John Locke, Locke on Money 1, ed. Patrick Hyde Kelly (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 223–224.
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Yanaihara Tadao, “Palestina Ryokōki” [My Travel to Palestine] (1922), in YTZ 26, 721–731.
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Harold James, The Roman Predicament: How the Rules of International Order Create the Politics of Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 40.
Fiona B. Adamson, “Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security,” International Security 31, no. 1 (2006): 165–199.
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Jacques Derrida and Anne Duformantelle, Of Hospitality, trans. Rachael Bowlby (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000).
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© 2013 Ryoko Nakano
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Nakano, R. (2013). A World of Migration. In: Beyond the Western Liberal Order. Palgrave Macmillan History of International Thought. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137290519_3
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