Abstract
An important aspect of Newark’s modern politics and urban experience began around the mid-twentieth century. Like so many medium and large cities, Newark has gone through a number of contentious and transformational eras. From the Great Migration to residential or de facto segregation to urban riots, Newark experienced challenging times. Essentially, Newark is “the metaphor of America’s urban crisis.”1 Yet Newarkers weathered unique benchmarks in advancing the city’s local politics. And many of these milestones in turn shaped many residents’ political and social experiences. Not surprisingly then, many Newarkers still remember the time of the 1967 riots, thus shaping their political and racial perspectives.2
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Notes
Robert Curvin, “The Persistent Minority: The Black Political Experience in Newark,” dissertation (Princeton: Princeton University, 1975), 2.
Komozi Woodard, “It’s Nation Time in NewArk: Amiri Baraka and the Black Power Experiment in Newark, New Jersey” in Freedom North: Black Freedom Struggles Outside the South, 1940–1980, ed. Jeanne Theoharis and Komozi Woodard (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003), 309.
Clement Alexander Price, “The Afro-American Community of Newark” dissertation (New Brunswick: Rutgers University-Newark, 1975), ii–iii.
Barbara Kukla, Swing City: Newark Nightlife: 1925–1950 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991), Introduction.
Kevin Mumford, Newark: A History of Race, Rights, and Riots in America (New York: New York University Press, 2007), 1–3.
John T. Cunningham, Newark, Third Edition (Newark: The New Jersey Historical Society, 2002), 309.
William B. Helmreich, The Enduring Community: The Jews of Newark and Metrowest (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1999), 38.
Curvin, 31; Price, 89; Mumford, 70; and Harold Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics: Slum Clearance in Newark (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 153–154.
Curvin, 110. See also Ronald Porambo, No Cause for Indictment: An Autopsy of Newark (Hoboken: Mellville House, 2006), 60–61.
Wilbur C. Rich, Black Mayors and School Politics (New York: Garland Publishing, 1996), 92; and Cunningham, 312.
Kenneth Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 225. See also Curvin, 151.
Michael Immerso, Newark’s Little Italy: The Vanished First Ward (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1997), 140–141; and Cunningham, 309.
James E. Blackwell and Philip Hart, Cities, Suburbs, and Blacks: A Study of Concerns, Distrust, and Alienation (New York: General Hall, Inc., 1982), chapter 1. See also Helmreich, 42, and Jackson, 156.
Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 12. See also Price, 170.
Willa Johnson, “Illusions of Power: Gibson’s Impact Upon Employment Conditions in Newark, 1970–1974” dissertation (New Brunswick: Rutgers University, 1978), 37.
Rhoda Lois Blumberg, Civil Rights: The 1960s Freedom Struggle (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991), 165–166.
Brad Parks, “Crossroads: A Neighborhood’s View of Despair, Riot and Recovery in Newark,” Star-Ledger, July 9, 2007. See also Charles V. Hamilton, “The Politics of Race Relations” in Urban Violence, ed. Charles U. Daly (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), 44. See also Porambo, 22.
Albert P. Blaustein and Robert L. Zangrando, eds. Civil Rights and the American Negro: A Documentary History (New York: Trident Press, 1968), 619.
Edward G. Carmines and Paul M. Sniderman, “The Structure of Racial Attitudes: Issue Pluralism and Changing the American Dilemma,” in Understanding Public Opinion, Second Edition, ed. Barbara Norrander and Clyde Wilcox (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2001), 106 and 111.
Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1982), 190.
Komozi Woodard, A Nation within a Nation: Amiri Baraka and Black Power Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 94.
Adam Fairclough, Better Day Coming: Blacks and Equality, 1890–2000 (New York: Penguin Books, 2002), 297. See also McAdam, 191 and 214.
Thomas K. Shannon et al., Urban Problems in Sociological Perspective, Third Edition (Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, 1997), 26.
Paul Goldberger, “Tony Imperiale Stands Vigilant for Law and Order” in Takin’ it to the Streets: A Sixties Reader, Second Edition, ed. Alexander Bloom and Wini Breines (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 313.
James Haskins, A Piece of the Power: Four Black Mayors (New York: The Dial Press, 1972), 146.
Alphonso Pinkney, Red, Black, and Green: Black Nationalism in the United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976), chapters 6–8, and Woodard, “It’s Nation Time in NewArk.”
Curvin, 100, and Steve Golin, The Newark Teacher Strikes: Hopes on the Line (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002), 123; as well as Woodard, 103, and Haskins, 160.
Rod Bush, We Are Not What We Seem: Black Nationalism and Class Struggle in the American Century (NewYork: NewYork University Press, 1999), 211, and Mumford, 8.
Georgia A. Persons, “From Insurgency to Deracialization: The Evolution of Black Mayoralities” in Perspectives in Black Politics and Black Leadership, ed. John Davis (Lanham: University Press of America, 2007), 89.
Georgia A. Persons, “Black Mayoralties and the New Black Politics: From Insurgency to Racial Reconciliation,” in Dilemmas of Black Politics: Issues of Leadership and Strategy, ed. Georgia A. Persons (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), 59.
Sharpe James and Richard Monteilh, “Managing Metropolis,” in New Jersey Profiles in Public Policy, ed. Silvio Laccetti (Palisades Park: Commonwealth Books, 1990), 134.
Silvio Laccetti, New Jersey Profiles in Public Policy (Palisades Park: Commonwealth Books, 1990), 132.
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© 2013 Jonathan L. Wharton
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Wharton, J.L. (2013). Newark’s Sordid Past and Early Community Development Politics. In: A Post-Racial Change Is Gonna Come. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137277725_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137277725_2
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