Abstract
The situations of South Korea and Poland are very different to those of Bangladesh and Kenya. As in the latter two states, corruption remains a prominent feature of public discourse in both South Korea and Poland, but it has not prevented both states from making, at times, impressive economic progress. This is not to say that corruption facilitated economic development, but it certainly did not throttle growth in the way that it has done in many states around the world and, indeed, in the way that much of the traditional literature on corruption says that it should. The literature on the effects of corruption has subsequently been (somewhat paradoxically) enriched by the apparently awkward cases of states such as South Korea (and some of its East Asian neighbours) and Poland.1
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Notes
See M.T. Rock and H. Bennett (2004), ‘The comparative politics of corruption: Accounting for the East Asian paradox in empirical studies of corruption’, World Development, 32 (6): 999–1017
N. Ali (2010), The Coexistence of Corruption and Economic Growth in East Asia: Miracle or Alarm, available at http://www.apeaweb.org/confer/hk10/papers/ali_n.pdf, viewed on 25 August 2012.
A. Shah and M. Schacter (2004), ‘Combating corruption: Look before you leap’, Finance and Development, 41 (4): 42.
M. Johnston (2005b), Syndromes of Corruption (Cambridge: CUP), pp.89–93.
Estimates of the volume of these contributions vary considerably, although Woo makes well-founded claims that in the 1980s and early 1990s the chaebols were giving upwards of 20 per cent of their net profits to politicians and their causes as part of political process. See J-E. Woo (1991), Race to the Swift: State and Finance in Korean Industrialisation (New York: Columbia University Press), p.9.
See P.J. Soo (1992), Can Decentralization Policy Constrain the Leviathan? (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, Ph.D. Dissertation).
See D. Steinberg (2000), ‘Korean politics: The new and old’, in KEIA (ed.) The Two Koreas in 2000: Sustaining Recovery and Seeking Reconciliation (Washington, D.C.: KEIA), p.216.
V. Bhargava and E. Bolongaita (2004), Challenging Corruption in Asia: Case Studies and a Framework for Action (Washington D.C.: World Bank), p.135.
See also H. Koo (1993), ‘Strong state and contentious society’, in H. Koo (ed.) State and Society in Contemporary Korea (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), pp.231–249.
M. Johnston (2005b), p.103. See also T.Y. Kong (1996), ‘Corruption and its institutional foundations: The experience of Korea’, Institute of Development Studies Bulletin, 7 (2): 48–55.
K.P. Suk (2007), ‘Building national integrity through corruption eradication in South Korea’, International Public Management Review, 8 (2): 139.
J.S. Quah (2007), National Integrity Report: Transparency International Regional Overview Report East and South East Asia, 2006 (Berlin: Transparency International), p.6.
S.Y. Kim (2005), ‘Review on assessing effectiveness of integrity and anti-corruption measures in the Korean public service’, in Public Sector Integrity: A Framework for Assessment (Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development), pp.130–131.
Transparency International (2006), National Integrity Systems Country Study Report: Korea (Berlin: Transparency International), p.10 and p.15.
For more on this see J.S. Quah (2008), Combating Corruption in the Asia-Pacific Countries: What do We Know and What Needs to be Done?, paper presented at the Asia-Pacific Governance Institute’s Conference on ‘The Many Faces of Public Management Reform in the Asia-Pacific’ in Bangkok, Thailand 7–9 July, available at http://www.jonstquah.com/images/Corruption_Paper_Bangkok_Conference_2008[1].pdf.
C. Moon (2010), ‘South Korea in 2009: From setbacks to reversal’, Asian Survey, 50 (1), Jan/Feb: 57–58.
A. Surdej (2005), Sources of Corruption in Post-Communist Poland (Bremen: Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Arbeitspapiere und Materialien, No. 65), p.9.
P. Heywood and J-H. Meyer-Sahling (2008), Corruption Risks and the Management of the Ministerial Bureaucracy in Poland (Warsaw: Ernst and Young), p.5.
C. McManus-Czubinska, W.L. Miller, R. Markowski and J. Wasilewski (2004), ‘Why is corruption in Poland “a serious cause for concern”?’, Crime, Law and Social Change, 41: 113.
Commission of the European Communities (2002a), 2002 Regular Report on Poland’s Progress Towards Accession (Brussels: European Commission), 9 October.
For more analysis of this period see Anti-Corruption Working Group (2001), Assumptions of Poland’s Anti-Corruption Strategy (Warsaw: Anti-Corruption Working Group/World Bank).
K. Gadowska (2010), ‘National and international anti-corruption efforts: The case of Poland’, Global Crime, 11 (2): 171–182.
Batory Foundation (2011), Anti-Corruption Policy (Warsaw: Batory Foundation), p.9.
Batory Foundation (2010), How to Fight Corruption? Principles for Developing and Implementing an Anti-Corruption Strategy in Poland (Warsaw: Batory Foundation), p.9.
A. Szczerbiak (2007), ‘“Social Poland” defeats “Liberal Poland”? The September-October 2005 Polish parliamentary and presidential elections’, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 23 (2): 203.
J-H. Meyer-Sahling and T. Veen (2012), ‘Governing the post-communist state: Government alternation and senior civil service politicisation in Central and Eastern Europe’, East European Politics, 28 (1): 9.
Ernst & Young (2010), Driving Ethical Grown — New Markets, New Challenges (Warsaw: Report on the Global Fraud Survey).
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© 2013 Dan Hough
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Hough, D. (2013). South Korea and Poland: Tough Talk, Small Steps, Contested Outcomes. In: Corruption, Anti-Corruption and Governance. Political Corruption and Governance series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137268716_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137268716_5
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