Skip to main content

Phonological Repetition Effects in Natural Conversation: Evidence from TH-fronting in Fife

  • Chapter
Sociolinguistics in Scotland

Abstract

This chapter investigates the phenomenon of TH-fronting, a change in progress which has rapidly spread across some of the major towns and cities of Britain in the last few decades. In Scotland, TH-fronting most commonly refers to the replacement of the voiceless dental fricative [θ] with the voiceless labiodental fricative [f] (see, for example, Stuart-Smith and Timmins 2006; Clark and Trousdale 2009). Several studies have investigated the social motivations for this phonological change in progress in Scotland (e.g. Robinson 2005; Clark 2009; Lawson, forthcoming), but much less consideration has been given to potential structural motivations. This chapter asks whether structural repetition, or priming, can help to explain variation in TH-fronting in a corpus of vernacular Scots speech.

* Thanks go to Kevin Watson for reading an earlier draft of this chapter and providing valuable feedback, and to the anonymous reviewer for their encouragement to pursue this avenue of research. Thanks also, of course, to Robert Lawson who has worked tirelessly to compile this unique collection of work on sociolinguistics in Scotland.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abramowicz, Lukasz (2007). Sociolinguistics meets exemplar theory: Frequency and recency effects in (ing). University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 13 (2): 27–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baayen, Harald, Douglas Davidson and Douglas Bates (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59 (4): 390–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, Alan (1984). Language style as audience design. Language in Society, 13 (2): 145–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bock, J. Kathryn (1986). Syntactic persistence in language production. Cognitive Psychology, 18 (3): 355–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bock, J. Kathryn and Loebell, Helga (1990). Framing sentences. Cognition, 35 (1): 1–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borgatti, Steve, Martin Everett and Lin Freeman (2002). Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Analytic Technologies, Harvard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branigan, Holly, Martin Pickering and Alexandra Cleland (2000). Syntactic coordination in dialogue. Cognition, 75 (2): B13–B25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, Patricia and MacWhinney, Brian (2000). Phonological priming in children’s picture naming. Journal of Child Language, 27 (2): 335–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Elizabeth and Gordon, Elizabeth (1996). What do you fink? Is New Zealand English losing its ‘th’? New Zealand English Journal, 10: 40–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cedergren, Henrietta and Sankoff, David (1974). Variable rules: Performance as a statistical reflection of competence. Language, 50 (2): 335–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, Lynn (2009). Variation, change and the usage-based approach. Unpublished PhD thesis. Edinburgh, UK: University of Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, Lynn and Trousdale, Graeme (2009). Exploring the role of token frequency in phonological change: Evidence from TH-fronting in east-central Scotland. English Language and Linguistics, 13 (1): 33–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, Lynn and Trousdale, Graeme (in press). Using participant observation and social network analysis to study linguistic variation. In Manfred Krug and Julia Schlüter (eds), Handbook of Research Methods for Empirical Linguistics: Variation and Change in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, Lynn and Watson, Kevin (2011). Evidence for phonological priming from sociophonetics. Poster presented at 8th UK Language Variation and Change Conference, Edge Hill University, 12–14 September 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clements, George (1976). Vowel Harmony in Nonlinear Generative Phonology: An Autosegmental Model. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Linguistics Club.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, Allan and Loftus, Elizabeth (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82 (6): 407–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coupland, Nikolas (1980). Style-shifting in a Cardiff work-setting. Language in Society, 9 (1): 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coupland, Nikolas (1984). Accommodation at work: Some phonological data and their implications. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 46: 49–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drager, Katie and Hay, Jennifer (2012). Exploiting random intercepts: Two case studies in sociophonetics. Language Variation and Change, 24 (1): 59–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, Penelope (1996). Vowels and nail-polish: The emergence of linguistic style in the preadolescent heterosexual marketplace. In Natasha Warner, Jocelyn Ahlers, Leela Bilmes, Monica Oliver, Suzanne Wertheim and Mel Chen (eds), Gender and Belief Systems: Proceedings of the Fourth Berkeley Women and Language Conference. Berkeley: Berkeley Women and Language Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, Penelope (2000). Linguistic Variation as Social Practice: The Linguistic Construction of Identity in Belten High. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, Penelope (2005). Variation, convention, and social meaning. Paper presented at the 34th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America. Oakland, Calif., 6–9 January 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, Penelope and Rickford, John (eds) (2001). Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gries, Stefan (2005). Syntactic priming: A corpus-based approach. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 34 (4): 365–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guy, Gregory (1993). The quantitative analysis of linguistic variation. In Dennis Preston (ed.), American Dialect Research, 223–49. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • James, Lori and Burke, Deborah (2000). Phonological priming effects on word retrieval and tip-of-the-tongue experiences in young and older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26 (6): 1378–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Daniel Ezra (2009). Getting off the GoldVarb standard: Introducing Rbrul for mixed-effects variable rule analysis. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3 (1): 359–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaun, Abigail (1995). The typology of rounding harmony: An optimality theoretic approach. Unpublished PhD thesis. Los Angeles, USA: University of California, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerswill, Paul (2003). Dialect levelling and geographical diffusion in British English. In David Britain and Jenny Cheshire (eds), Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill, 223–43. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lass, Rodger (1984). Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, Robert (forthcoming). ‘Don’t even [θ/f/h]ink aboot it’: An ethnographic investigation of social meaning, social identity and (θ) variation in Glasgow. To appear in English World-Wide.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKoon, Gail and Ratcliff, Rodger (1992). Spreading activation vs. compound cue accounts of priming: Mediated priming revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 18 (6): 1155–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melnick, Kenneth, Edward Conture and Ralph Ohde (2003). Phonological priming in picture naming of young children who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 46 (6): 1428–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milroy, Lesley (1987). Language and Social Networks (2nd edn). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milroy, Lesley (2002). Social networks. In J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill and Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, 549–72. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newport, Elissa. and Aslin, Richard (2004). Learning at a distance. Statistical learning of non adjacent dependencies. Cognitive Psychology, 48 (2): 127–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, Martin and Garrod, Simon (2004). Toward a mechanistic psychology of dialogue. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 27 (2): 169–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poplack, Shana (1980). The notion of the plural in Puerto Rican Spanish: Competing constraints on (s) deletion. In William Labov (ed.), Locating Language in Time and Space, 55–67. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, Christine (2005). Changes in the dialect of Livingston. Language and Literature, 14 (2): 181–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, Pascale and Sankoff, David (1978). Advances in variable rule methodology. In David Sankoff (ed.), Linguistic Variation: Models and Methods, 57–69. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherre, Maria, Marta Pereira and Anthony Naro (1991). Marking in discourse: ‘Birds of a feather’. Language Variation and Change, 3 (1): 23–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scherre, Maria, Marta Pereira and Anthony Naro (1992). The serial effect on internal and external variables. Language Variation and Change, 4 (1): 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stemberger, Joseph (2004). Phonological priming and irregular past. Journal of Memory and Language, 50 (1): 82–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart-Smith, Jane and Timmins, Claire (2006). ‘Tell her to shut her moof’: The role of the lexicon in th-fronting in Glaswegian. In Christian Kay, Graham Caie, Carole Hough and Irené Wotherspoon (eds), The Power of Words: Essays in Lexicography, Lexicology and Semantics, 171–83. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt (2005). Language users as creatures of habit: A corpus-based analysis of persistence in spoken English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 1 (1): 113–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt (2006). Morphosyntactic Persistence in Spoken English: A Corpus Study at the Intersection of Variationist Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, and Discourse Analysis. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tannen, Deborah (1982). Oral and literate strategies in spoken and written narratives. Language, 58 (1): 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tannen, Deborah (1987). Repetition in conversation: Toward a poetics of talk. Language, 63 (3): 574–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tannen, Deborah (1989). Talking Voices: Repetition, Dialogue, and Imagery in Conversational Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Travis, Catherine (2007). Genre effects on subject expression in Spanish: Priming in narrative and conversation. Language Variation and Change, 19 (2): 101–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, Judith and Labov, William (1983). Constraints on the agentless passive. Journal of Linguistics, 19 (1): 29–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeldon, Linda and Monsell, Stephen (1992). The locus of repetition priming of spoken word production. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology, 44 (4): 723–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Anne and Kerswill, Paul (1999). Dialect levelling: Change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull. In Paul Foulkes and Gerard Docherty (eds), Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles, 141–62. London: Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2014 Lynn Clark

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Clark, L. (2014). Phonological Repetition Effects in Natural Conversation: Evidence from TH-fronting in Fife. In: Lawson, R. (eds) Sociolinguistics in Scotland. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137034717_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics