Abstract
Although a well-established methodological framework in anthropology, criminology, and sociology (Atkinson and Hammersley 2007: 1–10), it has only been over the past 10–15 years that ethnographic methods have seen increased use in (quantitative) sociolinguistics in the UK (see Rampton 2007 for a discussion of linguistics and ethnography in the UK). Scotland in particular has been a key site for research which integrates ethnographic approaches with sociolinguistic investigations of language use and linguistic variation and change in a variety of contexts. This has included research on community organisations (Clark 2009; Clark and Trousdale 2009), Gaelic communities (McEwan-Fujita 2010; Smith-Christmas 2012), national parliaments (Shaw 2009–2011), rural communities (Thomson 2012), schools (Alam 2007; Lambert, Alam and Stuart-Smith 2007; Lawson 2009; Nance 2013), sports clubs (Wilson 2007), and the workplace (Eustace 2012).
* Thanks to Lauren Hall-Lew for her thoughts and comments on drafts of this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agar, Michael (1996). The Professional Stranger. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
Alam, Farhana (2007). Language and identity in ‘Glaswasian’ adolescents. Unpublished MLitt dissertation. Glasgow, UK: University of Glasgow.
Alam, Farhana and Stuart-Smith, Jane (2011). Identity and ethnicity in /t/ in Glasgow-Pakistani high-school girls. In Wai-Sum Lee and Eric Zee (eds), Proceedings of the XVII International Conference of Phonetic Sciences, 216–19. Hong Kong.
Atkinson, Paul and Hammersley, Martyn (2007). Ethnography: Principles in Practice. London: Routledge.
Aunger, Robert (1995). On ethnography: Storytelling or science? Current Anthropology, 36 (1): 97–130.
Barrett, Rusty (1998). Markedness and style-switching in performances by African American drag queens. In Carol Myers-Scotton (ed.), Codes and Consequences: Choosing Linguistic Varieties, 139–61. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Boersma, Paul and Weenink, David (2013). Praat: Doing Phonetics by Computer [Computer program]. Version 5.3.42, retrieved 13 March 2013 from http://www.praat.org/.
Bourgois, Philippe (2003). In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bowie, David (2010). The aging voice: Changing identity over time. In Carmen Llamas and Dominic Watt (eds), Language and Identities, 55–66. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.
Brannen, Mary Yoko (2011). Using multiple case studies to generalize from ethnographic research. In Rebecca Piekkari and Catherine Welch (eds), Rethinking the Case Study in International Business and Management Research, 124–45. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Brewer, John (2000). Ethnography. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Bucholtz, Mary (1997). ‘Why be normal?’: Language and identity practices in a community of nerd girls. Language in Society, 28 (2): 203–23.
Bucholtz, Mary and Hall, Kira (2005). Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies, 7 (4): 585–614.
Bucholtz, Mary and Hall, Kira (2008). All of the above: New coalitions in sociocultural linguistics. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12 (4): 401–31.
Cameron, Deborah (2005). Language, gender and sexuality: Current issues and new directions. Applied Linguistics, 26 (4): 482–502.
Chomsky, Noam (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Clark, Lynn (2009). Variation, change and the usage-based approach. Unpublished PhD thesis. Edinburgh, UK: University of Edinburgh.
Clark, Lynn and Trousdale, Graeme (2009). Exploring the role of token frequency in phonological change: Evidence from TH-fronting in east-central Scotland. English Language and Linguistics, 13 (1): 33–55.
Duranti, Alessandro (2003). Language as culture in US anthropology: Three paradigms. Current Anthropology, 44 (3): 323–35.
Drummond, Rob (2011). Glottal variation in /t/ in non-native English speech: Patterns of acquisition. English World-Wide, 32 (3): 280–308.
Eckert, Penelope (2000). Linguistic Variation as Social Practice: The Linguistic Construction of Identity in Belten High. Oxford: Blackwell.
Eckert, Penelope (2005). Variation, convention, and social meaning. Paper pre-sented at the 34th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America. Oakland, California, 6–9 January 2005.
Eckert, Penelope and McConnell-Ginet, Sally (1992). Think practically and look locally: Language and gender as community-based practice. Annual Review of Anthropology, 21: 461–90.
Eckert, Penelope and McConnell-Ginet, Sally (1995). Constructing meaning, constructing selves: Snapshots of language, gender, and class from Belten High. In Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz (eds), Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self, 459–507. London: Routledge.
Eckert, Penelope and McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2003). Language and Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Eckert, Penelope and Podesva, Robert J. (2011). Sociophonetics and sexuality: Toward a symbiosis of sociolinguistics and laboratory phonology. American Speech, 86 (1): 6–13.
Eckert, Penelope and Wenger, Etienne (2005). Communities of practice in sociolinguistics: What is the role of power in sociolinguistic variation? Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9 (4): 582–9.
Eustace, Elizabeth (2012). Speaking allowed? Workplace regulation of regional dialect. Work, Employment and Society, 26 (2): 331–48.
Field, Andy (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. London: SAGE Publications.
Forsythe, Diana (1999). ‘It’s just a matter of common sense’: Ethnography as invisible work. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 8 (1): 127–45.
Geertz, Clifford (1973). Thick description: Toward an interpretative theory of culture. In Chris Jenks (ed.), Culture: Critical Concepts in Sociology, 173–96. London: Routledge.
Gumperz, John and Hymes, Dell (eds) (1986). Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.
Hall, Kira (2003). Exceptional speakers: Contested and problematized gender identities. In Miriam Meyerhoff and Janet Holmes (eds), Handbook of Language and Gender, 352–80. Oxford: Blackwell.
Herbert, Steve (2000). For ethnography. Progress in Human Geography, 24 (4): 550–68.
Hymes, Dell (1964). Introduction: Towards ethnographies of communication. American Anthropologist, 66 (6): 1–34.
Hymes, Dell (1974). Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Johnson, Daniel Ezra (2009). Getting off the GoldVarb standard: Introducing Rbrul for mixed-effects variable rule analysis. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3 (1): 359–83.
Johnston, Paul (1997). Regional variation. In Charles Jones (ed.), The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, 433–513. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Labov, William (1963). The social motivation of a sound change. Word, 19: 273–309.
Labov, William (1966). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Lambert, Kirsten, Farhana Alam and Jane Stuart-Smith (2007). Investigating British Asian accents: Studies from Glasgow. In Jurgen Trouvain and William Barry (eds), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Phonetic Sciences, 1509–12. Saarbrücken.
Lave, Jean and Wenger, Etienne (1991). Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lawson, Robert (2009). Constructions of social identity among adolescent males in Glasgow. Unpublished PhD thesis. Glasgow, UK: University of Glasgow.
Lawson, Robert (2011). Patterns of linguistic variation among Glaswegian adolescent males. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 15 (2): 226–55.
Lawson, Robert (2013). The construction of ‘tough’ masculinity: Negotiation, alignment and rejection. Gender and Language, 7 (3): 369–95.
Lawson, Robert (forthcoming). ‘Don’t even [θ/f/h]ink aboot it’: An ethnographic investigation of social meaning, social identity and (θ) variation in Glasgow. To appear in English World-Wide, 35 (1).
LeCompte, Margaret and Schensul, Jean (2010). Designing and Conducting Ethnographic Research: an Introduction. Lanham, Md: AltaMira Press.
McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2008). Words in the world: How and why meanings can matter. Language, 84 (3): 497–527.
McEwan-Fujita, Emily (2010). Sociolinguistic ethnography of Gaelic communities. In Moray Watson and Michelle Macleod (eds), The Edinburgh Companion to the Gaelic Language, 172–217. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Madden, Raymond (2010). Being Ethnographic: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Ethnography. London: SAGE Publications.
Malinowski, Bronislaw (1922 [1984]). Argonauts of the Western Pacific. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press.
Mendoza-Denton, Norma (2008). Homegirls: Language and Cultural Practices among Latina Youth Gangs. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
Moore, Emma (2003). Learning style and identity: A sociolinguistic analysis of a Bolton high school. Unpublished PhD thesis. Manchester, UK: University of Manchester.
Moore, Emma (2010). Communities of practice and peripherality. In Carmen Llamas and Dominic Watt (eds), Language and Identities, 123–33. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Nance, Claire (2013). Phonetic variation, sound change, and identity in Scottish Gaelic. Unpublished PhD thesis. Glasgow, UK: University of Glasgow.
Pels, Peter (1997). The anthropology of colonialism: Culture, history, and the emergence of western governmentality. Annual Review of Anthropology, 26: 163–83.
Podesva, Robert J. (2007). Phonation type as a stylistic variable: The use of falsetto in constructing a persona. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11 (4): 478–504.
Rampton, Ben (2007). Neo-Hymesian linguistic ethnography in the United Kingdom. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11 (5): 584–607.
Rengert, George (1997). Review of Herbert, Steve (1997). Policing Space: Territoriality and the Los Angeles Police Department. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. Urban Geography, 18 (5): 468–70.
Sankoff, Gillian and Blondeau, Hélène (2007). Language change across the lifespan: /r/ in Montreal French. Language, 83 (3): 560–88.
Shaw, Sylvia (2009–2011). Gender and linguistic participation in the devolved Parliaments of the UK. Economic and Social Research Council Grant number RES-000–22-3792.
Smith-Christmas, Cassie (2012). I’ve lost it here de a bh’ agam: Language shift, maintenance, and code-switching within a bilingual family. Unpublished PhD thesis. Glasgow, UK: University of Glasgow.
Stuart-Smith, Jane and Timmins, Claire (2010). The role of the individual in language variation and change. In Carmen Llamas and Dominic Watt (eds), Language and Identities, 39–54. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Tagliamonte, Sali (2006). Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thomson, Alexander (2012). A communicative ethnography of speakers of the Shetlandic dialect. Poster presented at the 112th American Anthropological Association Meeting. San Francisco, California, 14–18 November 2012.
Trudgill, Peter (1974). The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Watt, Dominic, Anne Fabricius and Tyler Kendall (2011). Vowels, normalization and plotting. In Marianna Di Paolo and Malcah Yaeger-Dror (eds), Sociophonetics: A Student’s Guide, 107–18. London: Routledge.
Wells, John (1982). Accents of English 1: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wilson, Nick (2007). Leading through language. An analysis of the relational practice of male leaders through ethnographic engagement. Unpublished MSc dissertation. Edinburgh, UK: University of Edinburgh.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2014 Robert Lawson
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lawson, R. (2014). What Can Ethnography Tell us about Sociolinguistic Variation over Time? Some Insights from Glasgow. In: Lawson, R. (eds) Sociolinguistics in Scotland. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137034717_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137034717_10
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-44192-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-03471-7
eBook Packages: Palgrave Language & Linguistics CollectionEducation (R0)