Abstract
In the contemporary geopolitical environment, security against illegal and harmful activity affecting commerce in sea-lanes, littorals, and ports — maritime security — has emerged as one of the most significant elements of global and human security.1
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Notes
D.S. Reveron and K. Mahoney-Norris, Human Security in a Borderless World (Philadelphia, PA: Westview Press, 2011), pp. 129–157.
ENISA, Analysis of Cyber Security Aspects in the Maritime Sector, European Network and Information Agency, 2011, p. 1.
See F. Onuoha, “Sea Piracy and Maritime Security in the Horn of Africa: The Somali coast and Gulf of Aden in perspective,” African Security Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2009, pp. 31–44.
See also E. Kisiangani, “Somali Pirates: Villains or Victims?,” South African Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2010, pp. 361–374.
J. Ama Osei-Tutu, “The Root Causes of the Somali Piracy,” Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) Occasional Paper, No. 31, 2011, pp. 10.
I. Lovin, “Report on Combating Illegal Fishing at the Global Level-the Role of the EU,” European Parliament — Committee on Fisheries, 2011, pp. 13–15. It is of course very difficult to arrive at an entirely accurate estimate of illegal catches.
See Al Jazeera, Mediterranean Fish Threatened with Extinction, [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2011/04/20114199826331942.html], April 19, 2012.
See Aidan Lewis, Morocco’s Fish Fight: High Stakes over Western Sahara, BBC News [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16101666], December 15, 2011.
See Richard Black, Tuna Fished ‘Illegally’ During Libya Conflict, BBC News [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15597675], November 7, 2011.
UNODC, Transnational Organised Crime in the Fishing Industry (Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2011).
Ibid., and UNODC, World Drug Report (New York: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010), pp. 53–60. For the security challenges of the Balkan region, especially after the war in the former Yugoslavia and in relation to the EU stakes and involvement,
see Denisa Kostovicova, “Old and New Insecurity in the Balkans,” in Marlies Glasius and Mary Kaldor, eds., A Human Security Doctrine for Europe (New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 44–70.
W. Bruggeman, Illegal Immigration and Trafficking in Human Beings Seen as a Security Problem for Europe, Deputy Director of EUROPOL [http://www.heart-intl.net/HEART/030106/IllegalImmigrationandtrafficking.pdf], September 19, 2002, pp. 2–3.
For the case of Somalia see E. Pardo Sauvageot, “Piracy off Somalia and Its Challenges to Maritime Security: Problems and Solutions,” UNISCI Discussion Papers 2009, Universidad Complutense de Madrid., pp. 250–266
and M. N. Murphy, “Somali Piracy: Why Should We Care?” RUSI JOURNAL, Vol. 156, No. 6, 2011, pp. 4–11. On the Gulf of Guinea see Raymond Gilpin, “Enhancing Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea,” Strategic Insights, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2007
and J. N. Anyu and S. Moki, “Africa: The Piracy Hot Spot and Its Implications for Global Security,” Mediterranean Quarterly, Vol. 20, 2009, pp. 95–121. Impact on the global economy is detailed in Xiaowen Fu,
Adolf K.Y. Ng, and Yui-Yip Lau, “The Impacts of Maritime Piracy on Global Economic Development: The Case of Somalia,” Maritime Policy & Management, Vol. 37, No. 7, 2010, pp. 677–697.
G. Luft, and A. Korin, “Terrorism Goes to Sea,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 6, 2004, pp. 61–71.
D.J. Nincic, “The Challenge of Maritime Terrorism: Threat Identification, WMD and Regime Response,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2005, pp. 619–644.
See BBC News, Turkish Commandos End Ferry Hijack in Gulf of Izmit, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15701025], November 12, 2011.
F. Andritsos and M. Mosconi, “Port Security in EU: A Systemic Approach,” (Waterside Security Conference (WSS), November 3–5, 2010.
Phil Williams, Terrorism, Organized Crime, and WMD Smuggling: Challenge and Response, Strategic Insights Vol. 6, No. 5, August 2009, pp. 1–13.
ENISA, Analysis of Cyber Security Aspects in the Maritime Sector, European Network and Information Agency, 2011, p. 31.
Ria Novosti, Cargo Ship Listing after Collision with Two Other Ships off Istanbul [http://en.rian.ru/video/20120120/170866073.html], January 22, 2012.
See UN News Center, Ban Stresses Need for Comprehensive Global Response to Piracy off Somalia [http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=38137&Cr=piracy&Cr1=], April 18, 2011.
UNDP, Human Development Report (New York: United Nations, 1994).
See NATO, Active Engagement, Modern Defence: Strategic Concept for the Defence and Security of the Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization [http://www.nato.int/strategic-concept/pdf/Strat_Concept_web_en.pdf], November 19–20, 2010.
World Bank, World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security and Development, [http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB /2010/03/01/000350881_20100301084958/Rendered/PDF/526500BR0REPLA1c M20101000101PUBLIC1.pdf] January 7, 2010.
Lada Roslycky, “Organized Transnational Crime in the Black Sea Region: A Geopolitical Dilemma?” Trends in Organized Crime, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 21–29.
Mary Kaldor, Human Security (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2007), pp. 182–197.
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Belt, D., Chapsos, I., Samardžić, D. (2013). Maritime Security Challenges in South East Europe. In: Cross, S., Kentera, S., Nation, R.C., Vukadinović, R. (eds) Shaping South East Europe’s Security Community for the Twenty-First Century. New Security Challenges Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137010209_7
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