Abstract
Although Clausewitz is correct in saying the war is the product of several factors, at its very core lays the military. Military activity may be initiated by the government and influenced by the people, but men and women, in uniform, on the ground, carry it out. Following the framework developed in Chapter 3, this chapter will examine the military’s part in the practice of civil–military cooperation.1 The chapter is based on a series of two related questions. First, we will examine how the military conceived of its role. Second, we shall turn to how they turned that understanding into practice, vis-à-vis civil–military cooperation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Throughout this chapter, I will refer to the military and the Army. The military will refer to the entire armed forces (in this case, the Canadian Armed Forces, which is often referred to simply as the Canadian Forces, and abbreviated as the CF). The military is made up of naval, air, and land forces. However, in terms of civil–military cooperation in the areas I am focusing on, the land forces, referred to as the Army, are the most germane.
The Canadian Forces selected the code name ‘Deliverance’ for this operation. For an exposé on the affair see David Bercuson, Significant Incident: Canada’s Army, the Airborne, and Murder in Somalia (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1996). A more analytical treatment can be found in Charles S. Oliverio, “Operation Deliverance: International Success or Domestic Failure?” Canadian Military Journal. Summer 2001: 51–58.
Canada. The Somalia Inquiry. “Civil–Military Relations,” Volume 1, Chapter 6. http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/reports/somalia/vol1/V1C6_e.asp; accessed 18 February 2003.
Canada. The Somalia Inquiry.“The Military in Canadian Society,” Volume 5, Chapter 43. http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/reports/somalia/vol5/V5C43_e.asp; accessed 18 February 2003.
Canada. The Somalia Inquiry.“The Military in Canadian Society,” Volume 5, Chapter 43. http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/reports/somalia/vol5/V5C43_e.asp; accessed 18 February 2003.
Canada. The Army. Canada’s Army: We Stand on Guard for Thee. B-GL-300–000/FP-000. (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1998): i. The phrase “We Stand on Guard for Thee” is taken from the first line of the Canadian national anthem.
Canada. The Army. Canada’s Army, i.
Canada. The Army. Canada’s Army, ii.
Canada. The Army. Canada’s Army, ii.
Canada. Canadian Forces. Shaping the Future of the Canadian Forces: A Strategy for 2020. (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1999): 1.
Canada. Canadian Forces. Shaping the Future, 3.
Canada. Canadian Forces. Shaping the Future, 1. Emphasis added. 13. Canada. Canadian Forces. Shaping the Future, 7.
Canada. The Army. Canada’s Army, i.
Six Canadian F-18 fighters operated out of the NATO air base in Aviano, Italy. In fact, Canadian planes flew 10% of all NATO sorties, the most of any nation other than the US. See David Bashaw, et al., “Mission Ready: Canada’s Role in the Kosovo Air Campaign,” Canadian Military Journal. 1.1 (Spring) 2000: 55–61. 16. The Canadian ground contribution included eight surveillance and medium
utility helicopters; an armoured reconnaissance squadron consisting of ten state-of-the-art Coyote 8-wheeled vehicles equipped with 25mm cannons and a ground surveillance package capable of providing real-time coverage out to a range of 15kms; and a mechanized infantry battle group made up of over 500 soldiers, with a troop of 5 Leopard I medium tanks, an armoured engineer troop, and three rifle companies. The Canadians were under operational control of the British-led multinational brigade and were assigned an area of operations in the Drenica Valley, the heartland of the Kosovo Liberation Army. See Mike Ward, et al., “Task Force Kosovo: Adapting Operations to a Changing Security Environment,” Canadian Military Journal. 1.1 (Spring 2000): 67–74. 17. Paul Heinbecker, “Human Security: Hard Edge,” Canadian Military Journal.
1.1 (Spring) 2000: 11–16.
Canada. Department of National Defence. “Press Relase: Canada Increases ContributiontoKosovoInternationalPeaceImplementationForce,”11June1999. http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/newsroom/view_news_e.asp?id=726; accessed 31 October 2002. 19. For a detailed explanation of the kinds of activities that NATO, and in particu
lar Canadian, ground troops had to carry out, see Douglas E. Delaney, “CIMIC Operations during Operation Kinetic,” Canadian Military Journal. Winter 2000–2001: 29–34; Mike Ward, et al., “Task Force Kosovo,” and Christopher Ankersen, “Praxis versus Policy: Peacebuilding and the Canadian Forces,” in Building Sustainable Peace, T. Keating and W.A. Knight, eds. (Edmonton/ Tokyo: University of Alberta Press/United Nations University Press, 2004).
Canada. Director of Land Strategic Concepts. “Future Army Capabilities,” DLSC Report 01/01. January 2001: i.
V.W. Kennedy, “Command: The Dark Future,” Presentation at Future Army Capabilities Workshop, 13 July 2000, Ottawa, Canada. The terms View 1 and View 2 come from NATO doctrine. See North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. NATO Land Operations 2020 Study: The Nature of the Battlefield in 2020 (Brussels: International Military Staff, 1998).
Canada. Department of National Defence. Press Release: Canadian Forces to Deploy to Afghanistan,” 11 December 2001. http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/ newsroom/view_news_e.asp?id=435; accessed 31 October 2002.
Valerie Lawton, “Canada Joins al-Qaeda hunt,” Toronto Star January 8, 2002: A1.
There is evidence that the Canadian military in Afghanistan suffered a disproportionate level of casualties, relative to the number of troops deployed, when compared with other NATO forces. See Steven Staples and Bill Robinson, “Canada’s Fallen: Understanding Canadian Military Deaths in Afghanistan,” Foreign Policy Series 1.1 A Report of the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (September) 2006.
Canada. The Army. Advancing with Purpose: The Army Strategy (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 2002).
Canada. The Army. Advancing with Purpose: 4.
Canada. The Army. Advancing with Purpose: 12. 28. Canada. The Army. Advancing with Purpose: 5.
Canada. The Army. Purpose Defined: The Force Employment Concept for the Army (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 2004): 1. 30. Canada. The Army. Purpose Defined: 1.
Canada. The Army. Conduct of Land Operations: Operational Level Doctrine for the Canadian Army (Ottawa, Queen’s Printer, 1998): iv. 32. Christopher Lord, “Intermediate Deployments: The Strategy and Doctrine
of Peacekeeping-type Operations,” Strategic and Combat Studies Institute Occasional Paper 25 (Camberley: Strategic and Combat Studies Institute, 1996): 11.
Lord, “Intermediate Deployments,” 11.
Stacey Douglas, “Toward a Comprehensive Canadian CIMIC Doctrine: Interagency Cooperation and the Influence of Allies in the Balkans,” Paper Presented to Conference of Defence Associations Institute Conference. 12 November 2002. 35. However odd it may be that Canada had no doctrine until 1998, it is worth
noting that NATO had no formalized civil–military cooperation doctrine until 2000. See North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. Allied Joint Publication 9 (AJP 9). Civil–Military Cooperation (Brussels: SHAPE, 2000).
Canada. The Army. Civil–Military Cooperation in Peace, Emergencies, Crisis, and War (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1998); Canada. The Conduct of Land Operations; Canada. The Army. Land Forces Information Operations (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1998).
Canada. The Conduct of Land Operations, 73.
Canada. The Army Lessons Learned Centre. “Lessons Learned in Civil– Military Cooperation (CIMIC),” Dispatches: Lessons Learned for Soldiers. 5.3 (February) 1999: 1.
Following the ‘Continental Staff System’ Canadian Army doctrine labelled all formation-level staff departments with a G (originally indicating ‘general staff’) and a number; 5 (and later 9) indicated Civil–Military Cooperation. The significance of this organizational decision will be discussed further below.
Canada. “Lessons Learned,” 36.
Interview with Major P.W. (Peter) Hewitt, Staff Officer responsible for Civil– Military Relations and Environmental Health, Canadian Forces Joint Staff, International Operations (J3 International) (Ottawa, 1 November 2002).
Canada. Directorate of Land Strategic Concepts. Towards the Brave New World: Canada’s Army in the 21st Century. Bernd Horn and Peter Gizewski, eds (Kingston, ON: DLSC, 2003).
Canada. Directorate of Land Strategic Concepts. Towards the Brave New World: v.
Canada. Directorate of Land Strategic Concepts. Towards the Brave New World: v.
For a biography of Generals Hillier and Leslie, see http://www.dnd.ca/dsa/app_ bio/engraph/FSeniorOfficerAddressBook_e.asp?mLimit=Gen&SectChoice=1. 46. Canada. The Army. “A Soldier’s Guide to Army Transformation,”
24 July 2006 [http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/lf/English/5_4_1.asp; accessed 13 January 2007] 47. According to Leslie, Hillier first used the term in October 2003, when he was
Chief of Land Staff. See Andrew Leslie, “The 2004 Haycock Lecture: Boots on the Ground: Thoughts on the Future of the Canadian Forces,” Canadian Military Journal. Spring 2005: 23, footnote 44.
Rick Hillier, “Setting Our Course: The Way Ahead for the Our Canadian Armed Forces,” Speech to Launch the Defence Policy Statement, 19 April 2005.
Canada. The Army. “A Soldier’s Guide to Army Transformation,” 24 July 2006 [http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/lf/English/5_4_1.asp; accessed 13 January 2007].
Canada. The Army. Civil–Military Cooperation Tactics, Techniques and Procedures. B-GL-355–001/FP-001 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 2006): 2. 51. Canada. The Army. Civil–Military Cooperation Tactics, 3.
Canada. The Army. Civil–Military Cooperation Tactics, 19.
Canada. The Army. Land Doctrine in the Modern Age (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 2007).
Interview with Major General S.A. Beare, Commander Land Force Doctrine and Training System (by telephone 24 April 2007). 55. Interview with Major D.J. Lambert, Director of Army Doctrine 4, Officer of
the Director General Land Capability Development (by telephone, 7 March 2007). 56. Canada. The Army. Land Doctrine in the Modern Age, Ch 3, p. 4–5.
Canada. The Army. Land Doctrine in the Modern Age, Ch 3, p. 11.
Canada. The Army. Land Doctrine in the Modern Age, Ch 5, p. 9.
Canada. The Army. Land Doctrine in the Modern Age, Ch 5, p. 5.
Canada. The Army. Land Doctrine in the Modern Age, Ch 5, p. 6.
Canada. The Army. Land Doctrine in the Modern Age, Ch 5, p. 43.
Interview, Maj. D.J. Lambert.
Canada. The Army. Land Doctrine in the Modern Age, Ch 5, p. 9.
Iver Neumann, “Returning Practice to the Linguistic Turn: The Case of Diplomacy,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 31.3 (2002).
Interview with Major D.E. Delaney, Officer Commanding Combat Support Company, First Battalion, Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry, responsible for Civil–Military Cooperation on Operation Kinetic, Kosovo July–December 1999 (Kingston, Ontario, 23 October 2002).
Interview, Delaney.
Response to questionnaire from Major G. Zilkalns, Operations Officer, Canadian Provincial Reconstruction Team in Kandahar, Afghanistan July 2005–February 2006 (by email, 5 August 2007).
Interview with Captain G. Longhurst, G5 Operations Staff Officer, Infantry Battle Group on Operation Palladium, Bosnia September 2002–March 2003 (Camp Maple Leaf, Zgon, Bosnia, 28 December 2002).
Interview with Delaney.
Interview with Lieutenant C.R. King, Commanding Officer, Infantry Battle Group on Operation Palladium, September 2002–March 2003 (by telephone 17 August 2002). 71. Interview with Lieutenant Colonel S.A. Bryan, Commanding Officer,
Infantry Battle Group on Operation Kinetic, Kosovo July–September 1999 (Ottawa, Ontario, 31 October 2002). 72. Interview with Lieutenant Colonel S.B. Brennan, Commanding Officer,
Infantry Battle Group on Operation Kinetic, Kosovo October–December 1999 (Kingston, Ontario, 29 October 2002). 73. Interview with Delaney.
Interview with Captain O.A.J. Savage, CIMIC Project Officer, Infantry Battle Group, Operation Kinetic, Kosovo August–December 1999 (Kingston, Ontario, 29 October 2002).
Interview with Major S. Wyatt, Senior Liaison Officer, Infantry Battle Group, Operation Palladium, Bosnia February to September 2000 (Kingston, Ontario, 30 October 2002.)
Interview with Colonel P. Stogran, Commanding Officer, Infantry Battle Group, Operation Apollo, Kandahar, Afghanistan February–August 2002 (Ottawa, Ontario, 29 May 2003).
Interview with Beare.
Letter from Lieutenant Colonel C.R. King (Commanding Officer Infantry Battle Group, Operation Palladium, Bosnia September 2002–March 2003) to Commander, Canadian Task Force Bosnia-Herzegovina, (Reference Number 3375–20-4 CO) dated 8 December 2002: 1–2. 79. Interviews with Delaney, Savage.
Memorandum from Major D.E. Delaney (Officer Commanding Combat Support Company, Responsible for Civil–Military Cooperation, Infantry Battle Group, Operation Kinetic, Kosovo, July–December 1999) to Commanding Officer (Reference Number 3350–62) dated 9 December 1999.
Memorandum from Delaney, Annex D.
Interview, Bryan.
Interview with Sergeant G. Powell, Company CIMIC Sergeant, Infantry Battle Group, Operation Palladium, Bosnia, September 2002–March 2003 (Zgon, Bosnia, 27 December 2002).
Interview with Hewitt.
Interview with Brennan.
Interview with Savage.
Interview with Savage.
Interview with Savage.
Interview with Lieutenant Heather Burke, Company CIMIC Officer, Infantry Battle Group, Operation Palladium, Bosnia, September 2002– March 2003 (Zgon, Bosnia, 29 December 2002).
Interview with Hewitt.
Interview with Delaney.
Interview with Brennan.
Interview with Bryan.
Interview with Captain Chris Atkin, CIMIC Project Officer, Infantry Battle Group, Operation Palladium, Bosnia, September 2002–March 2003 (Zgon, Bosnia, 27 December 2002).
Personal observation, Glogovac, Kosovo, August–December 1999.
Letter from King, 2.
Interview with Powell. 98. Interview with Powell.
Interview with Beaubier.
Interview with Hewitt. This sentiment is echoed by a commander in Kosovo, who called those charged with civil–military cooperation as “an excellent set of sensors”. Interview with Bryan.
Graham Longhurst, “Civil Military Co-Operation – The Inukshuk,” The Bulletin. 10.1 ( January) (Kingston: The Army Lessons Learned Centre, 2004): 4.
Interview with Wyatt. 103. Third Battalion, Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry Battle Group
Headquarters (3PPCLI BG HQ), “Fragmentary Operations Order 09 – Humanitarian Assistance Plan,” 7 March 2002: p. 2, para 3a(1)(a). 104. Briefing to Author, Task Force Civil–Military Cooperation Cell, Operation
Athena, Kabul, Afghanistan, August 2004–January 2005 (Camp Julien, Kabul, Afghanistan, 6 December 2004). 105. 3PPLCI BG HQ, Fragmentary Operations Order 09, p. 2, para 3a(1)(b)ii.
This practice was also acknowledged by officers in Kosovo (Interview with Delaney) and Bosnia (Interview with Wyatt). 106. 3PPLCI BG HQ, Fragmentary Operations Order 09, p. 2, para 3a(1)(b)i.
Alexander Watson, “PIC Patrol article,” Mimeo in possession of author.
Interview with Sergeant T. Beaubier, Task Force Civil–Military Cooperation Liaison NCO, Operation Athena, Kabul, Afghanistan, August 2004–January 2005 (Camp Julien, Kabul, Afghanistan, 14 December 2004).
Interview, Wyatt. Commanders from missions in Kosovo (1999) and Bosnia (2002) also credit civil–military cooperation with providing critical intelligence, although they do not assign a numerical estimate to its value. Interview with Brennan; Interview with Bryan; Interview with Longhurst.
Interview, Captain Alexander Watson, Civil–Miltiary Cooperation Officer, Infantry Battle Group, Operation Apollo, Kandahar, Afghanistan, February– August 2002 (St-Jean sur Richelieu, Québec, 10 November 2004).
Interview, Confidential Source, Canadian Intelligence Officer, Ottawa, 23 March 2005.
Interview with Captain James Godefroy, Unit Intelligence Officer, Infantry Battle Group, Operation Palladium, Bosnia, September 2002–March 2003 (Zgon, Bosnia, 28 December 2002).
Interview with Godefroy.
Interview with Savage; Interview with Delaney; and Interview with Captain D. Myles, Task Force Civil–Military Cooperation Officer, Operation Athena, Kabul, Afghanistan, August 2004–January 2005 (Camp Julien, Kabul, Afghanistan, 14 December 2004).
Interview with Longhurst.
Interview with Beare.
CNN, World News Today, 0703 (Central Mountain Time), 8 April 2004.
Interview with Lieutenant J. Watt, Company CIMIC Officer, Infantry Battle Group, Operation Palladium, Bosnia, September 2002–March 2003 (Zgon, Bosnia, 27 December 2002); Interview with Master Warrant Officer J. Fink, Company CIMIC Warrant Officer, Infantry Battle Group, Operation Palladium, Bosnia, September 2002–March 2003 (Zgon, Bosnia, 27 December 2002); Interview with Major Michel Boire, J5 Campaign Planner, NATO LANDCENT/KFOR HQ, June–November 1999 (Kingston, Ontario, 23 October 2002); Interview with Hewitt.
Interview with Delaney; Interview with Bryan; Interview with Wyatt. 120. Interview with Fink.
Interview with Watt.
Interview with Bryan. 123. Interview with Captain K. Barry, Information Operations Officer, Infantry
Battle Group Operation Palladium, Bosnia, September 2002–March 2003 (Zgon, Bosnia, 6 December 2003). 124. Information Operations Targeting and Tasking Matrix to Support
BosPetrovac Community Centre Opening—10 January 2003. Dated 5 January 2003. NATO/SFOR Confidential. Declassified 6 January 2003. 125. “Press Release for BosPetrovac Social Welfare Centre,” Sub Lieutenant Petra
Smith, Public Affairs Officer, Infantry Battle Group, Operation Palladium, Bosnia, September 2002–March 2003 (Zgon, Bosnia, 5 January 2003). 126. Interview with Major S. Carr, Officer Commanding, ‘C’ Company, Infantry
Battle Group, Operation Palladium, Bosnia, September 2002–March 2003 (Zgon, Bosnia, 30 December 2002). 127. Questionnaire response from Zilkalns.
Presentation prepared by Lieutenant Colonel C.R. King, Commanding Officer, Infantry Battle Group Operation Palladium, Bosnia, September 2002–March 2003 (Zgon, Bosnia, 6 December 2003).
Interview with Beare.
Canada. The Conduct of Land Operations, 9. 131. Response to questionnaire from Major G. Zilkalns, Operations Officer,
Canadian Provincial Reconstruction Team in Kandahar, Afghanistan July 2005–February 2006 (by email, 5 August 2007).
Copyright information
© 2014 Christopher Ankersen
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ankersen, C. (2014). The Military: Ambitious Institution, Ad lib Individuals. In: The Politics of Civil-Military Cooperation. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137003355_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137003355_7
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-43417-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-00335-5
eBook Packages: Palgrave Intern. Relations & Development CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)