Skip to main content

(Re)drawing Boundaries: Russia and the Baltic States

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Borders in the Baltic Sea Region

Abstract

The three Baltic countries—Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia—share a difficult history with Russia. Once a part of the Russian Empire and Prussia, they also enjoyed a period of independence and were later integrated within the Soviet Union. These sutures turned out to be rather unstable, as the Soviet Union disintegrated, following which the three republics sought independence. By becoming members of the EU and joining NATO, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia have drawn a geopolitical and a cultural boundary with Russia that has been reified both from the Russian and the European sides. In other words, the new identities not only help delimit the representations of self, but also construct national interest (cf. Hopf 2012), essential for foreign policy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Annus, Epp.2012. The Problem of Soviet Colonialism in the Baltics. Journal of Baltic Studies 43(1): 21–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avižienis, Jura. 2006. Learning to Curse in Russian: Mimicry in Siberian Exile. In Baltic Postcolonialism, ed. Violeta Kelertas, 187–197. Amsterdam, NY: Rodophi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, Julian. 2015. NATO Looks at Stationing More Troops along Eastern Flank. The Wall Street Journal, October 28. http://www.wsj.com/articles/nato-looks-at-stationing-more-troops-along-eastern-flank-1446050987.

  • Benz, Wolfgang, and Marion Neiss, eds.1999. Judenmord in Litauen: Studien und Dokumente. Berlin: Metropol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berdyaev, Nikolai.1990. Istoki i smysl russkogo kommunizma. Moskva: Nauka.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook, Daniel. 2015. Double Genocide. Slate, July 26. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2015/07/lithuania_and_nazis_the_country_wants_to_forget_its_collaborationist_past.html.

  • Budryté, Dovile.2004. ‘We Call It Genocide’: Soviet Deportations and Repressions in the Memory of Lithuanians. In The Genocidal Temptation: Auschwitz, Hiroshima, Rwanda, and Beyond, ed. Robert Frey, 79–101. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davydova, Darja.2012. Baltic Pride 2010: Articulating Sexual Difference and Heteronormative Nationalism in Contemporary Lithuania. Sextures 2(2): 32–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delfi. 2007. Bronzovaya noch’ oboshlas’ v sotni millionov. Delfi, July 10. http://rus.delfi.ee/daily/estonia/bronzovaya-noch-oboshlas-v-sotni-millionov?id=16391233.

  • Delovoy Peterburg. 2014. Тrolli iz Ol’gino pereekhali v novyi chetyrekhetazhnyi ofis na Savushkina. Dp.ru, October 28. http://www.dp.ru/a/2014/10/27/Borotsja_s_omerzeniem_mo/.

  • Dieckmann, Christoph. 2002. Die Zivilverwaltung in Litauen. In Täter im Vernichtungskrieg. Der Überfall auf die Sowjetunion und der Völkermord an den Juden, ed. Wolf Kaiser. Berlin: Propyläen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diez, Thomas. 2005. Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering Normative Power Europe. Millennium-Journal of International Studies 33(3): 613–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehin, Piret. 2001. Determinants of Public Support for EU Membership: Data from the Baltic Countries. European Journal of Political Research 40(1): 31–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehin, Piret, and Eiki Berg, eds. 2013. Identity and Foreign Policy: Baltic-Russian Relations and European Integration. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etkind, A. 2011. Internal Colonization: Russia’s Imperial Experience. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etkind, Alexander. 2013. Warped Mourning: Stories of the Undead in the Land of the Unburied. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eurovision.tv. 2014. Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Grand Final. European Broadcasting Union, May 10. http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/by-year/contest?event=1893#Scoreboard.

  • Friedman, Karen. 1994. German/Lithuanian Collaboration in the Final Solution, 1941–1944. PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaufman, Elizaveta. 2014. Nationalists’ Old New Enemies: Sexual Deviation as an Existential Threat to Russia. In Rossiya—Ne Ukraina. Sovremennye Aspekty Natsionalisma, ed. Alexander Verkhovsky, 140–156. Moscow: Sova-Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———.2015. World War II 2.0: Digital Memory of Fascism in Russia. Journal of Regional Security 10(1): 17–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grinkevičiūtė, Dalia. 2002. A Stolen Youth, a Stolen Homeland: Memoirs. Lietuvos rašytojų sąjungos leidykla.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gudkov, Lev. 2005. The Fetters of Victory: How the War Provides Russia with Its Identity. Osteuropa Web Special, http://www.osteuropa.dgoonline.org/hefte/international/eurozine-en/the-fetters-of-victory/.

  • Gunitsky, Slava.2015. Corrupting the Cyber-Commons: Social Media as a Tool of Autocratic Stability. Perspectives on Politics 13(1): 42–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hackmann, Jorg, and Marko Lehti.2013. Contested and Shared Places of Memory: History and Politics in North Eastern Europe. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopf, Ted.2012. Reconstructing the Cold War: The Early Years, 1945–1958. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jæger, Øyvind.2000. Securitizing Russia: Discursive Practices of the Baltic States. Peace and Conflict Studies 7(2): 18–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurkynas, Mindaugas.2014. Security Concerns of the Baltic States in the Twenty-First Century. In Small States and International Security: Europe and Beyond, eds. Clive Archer, Alyson J.K. Bailes, and Anders Wivel, 113–132. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komsomolskaya, Pravda. 2015. Lavrov: Razmeshcheniye sil NATO u granits Rossii ne sootvetstvuyet dogovorennosti. Komsomolskaya Pravda, July 9. http://www.kp.ru/online/news/2104390/.

  • Kostadinova, Tatiana.2000. East European Public Support for NATO Membership: Fears and Aspirations. Journal of Peace Research 37(2): 235–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovats, Eszter, and Maari Poim. 2015. Gender as Symbolic Glue. FEPS in cooperation with FES.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucherenko, O. 2011. That’ll Teach’em to Love Their Motherland!: Russian Youth Revisit the Battles of World War II. The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laruelle, Marlene.2014. The ‘Russian Idea’ on the Small Screen: Staging National Identity on Russia’s TV. Demokratizatsiya 22(2): 313–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lassila, Jussi. 2014. The Quest for an Ideal Youth in Putin’s Russia II: The Search for Distinctive Conformism in the Political Communication of Nashi, 2005–2009. Vol. 115. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehti, Marko, Matti Jutila, and Markku Jokisipilä.2008. Never-Ending Second World War: Public Performances of National Dignity and the Drama of the Bronze Soldier. Journal of Baltic Studies 39(4): 393–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenta.ru. 2007. Glava MID Estonii predlozhil YES vvesti sanktsii protiv Rossii. Lenta.ru, May 2. http://lenta.ru/news/2007/05/02/counter/.

  • ———. 2013. ‘Komsomol’skaya pravda’ udalila passazh pro abazhury iz liberalov. Lenta.ru, May 15. http://lenta.ru/news/2013/05/15/skoybeda/.

  • LifeNews. 2015. SSHA gotovyat platsdarm dlya voysk NATO u granits Rossii. LifeNews, January 28. http://lifenews.ru/news/149072.

  • Lotman, Yuriy. 1990. Universe of the Mind. A Semiotic Theory of Culture. London: I. B. Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makarychev, Andrey.2008. Russia’s Search for International Identity through the Sovereign Democracy Concept. The International Spectator 43(2): 49–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makarychev, Andrey, and Sergei Medvedev.2015. Biopolitics and Power in Putin’s Russia. Problems of Post-Communism 62(1): 45–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mälksoo, Maria. 2014. The Ukrainian Crisis as Reflected in the Estonian Media. In The Ukrainian Crisis in the European Media and the Public Sphere, March 24. http://www.imre-kertesz-kolleg.uni-jena.de/index.php?id=572&l=0.

  • Manners, Ian.2002. Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 40(2): 235–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meduza. 2015. Sovetskaya gazeta ili rossiyskaya? Otgadayte po tsitate, kogda eto napisano: Seychas ili polveka nazad. Meduza, July 21. https://meduza.io/quiz/sovetskayagazeta-ili-rossiyskaya?share=3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meduza. 2016. Obnovleniye pamyati. V litovskom Moletaye proshla masshtabnaya aktsiya pamyati zhertv kholokosta. Reportazh «Meduzy». Meduza, August 30. https://meduza.io/feature/2016/08/30/obnovlenie-pamyati

  • Melchior, Inge. 2015. Guardians of Living History: The Persistence of the Past in Post-Soviet Estonia. PhD Thesis, Vrij Universiteit van Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mink, George, and Laure Neumayer.2007. L’Europe et ses passés douloureux. Paris: La Découverte.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mogil’ner, Marina. 1999. Mifologiya ‘podpol’nogo cheloveka’: Radikal’nyy mikrokosm v Rossii nachala XX veka kak predmet semioticheskogo analiza. Vol. 16. Moscow: Novoye Literaturnoe obozrenie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morozov, Viatcheslav. 2009. Rossiya I Drugie. Identichnost I Granitsy Politicheskogo Soobshestva. Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015a. Presentation at Platform Ukraine Seminar. University of Tartu, April 5–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———.2015b. Russia’s Postcolonial Identity: A Subaltern Empire in a Eurocentric World. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nazis and Blondes. 2008. Director Arbo Tammiksaar, Estonia/Latvia, 2008, colour, video, 58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nefyodov, Sergei.2010. Nachalo rossiyskoy modernizatsii i mentalitet XVII veka. Istoricheskaya psikhologiya i sotsiologiya istorii 3(1): 48–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, Iver.2012. Introduction to the Forum on Liminality. Review of International Studies 38(2): 473–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelz, Michael. 2014. Europeanization, Party Systems, and LGBT Rights: The Cases of Estonia, Latvia, Montenegro, and Serbia. Paper presented at the IPSA World Congress, Montreal, QC, July 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • RFERL. 2015. Russian Trolls’ Vast Library of Insulting Images. RFERL, April 4. http://www.rferl.org/content/russian-trolls-vast-insult-cartoon-database/26938435.html.

  • RIA Novosti. 2015. Latvia: Zasada dlya patriotov. RIA Novosti, December 15. http://ria.ru/accents/20151215/1342471379.html.

  • Riabova, Tatiana, and Oleg Riabov.2011. The Real Man of Politics in Russia (On Gender Discourse as a Resource for the Authority). Social Sciences 42(3): 58–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———.2013. ‘Geyropa’—Gendernoe izmerenie obraza Yevropy v praktikah politicheskoi mobilizacii. Zhenshina v rossiiskom obshestve 3(68): 31–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———.2015. ‘Gayromaidan’: Gendered Aspects of the Hegemonic Russian Media Discourse on the Ukrainian Crisis. Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society 1(1): 83–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roxburgh, Angus. 2005. Latvian lessons irk Russians. BBC News, March 29. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4380437.stm.

  • Russia Today. 2015a. Eksperty: Moskva vynuzhdena reagirovat’ na provokatsii NATO u rossiyskikh granits. Russia Today, June 17. https://russian.rt.com/article/97995.

  • ———. 2015b. Renaissance [Documentary Film]. Russia Today. https://rtd.rt.com/films/renaissanse/.

  • Rutten, Ellen, Julie Fedor, and Vera Zvereva, eds.2013. Memory, Conflict and New Media. Web Wars in Post-Socialist States. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakwa, Richard.2012. Conspiracy Narratives as a Mode of Engagement in International Politics: The Case of the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. The Russian Review 71(4): 581–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz.2014. The Pussy Riot Affair and Putin’s Démarche from Sovereign Democracy to Sovereign Morality. Nationalities Papers 42(4): 615–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevick, Deborah. 2012. The Holocaust in the Contemporary Baltic States: International Relations, Politics, and Education. Holocaust. Studii şi cercetări (5): 87–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, Dan.2004. Historiography of Holocaust. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tselikovsky, Alexey.2014. Mifotvorchestvo v Rossiyskoy Politicheskoy Kul’ture. Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 17(346): 137–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkhovsky, Alexander. 2014. Rossiya—Ne Ukraina. Sovremennye aspekty natsionalisma. Moskva: Sova Tsentr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voennaya Doktrina Rossiskoy Federatsii. 2014. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/47334.

  • Volkov, Dmitry, and Stepan Goncharov. 2014. Rossiiski Media-Landshaft: Televidenie, Press, Internet. Analiticheskii Tsentr Yuriia Levady. http://www.levada.ru/17-06-2014/rossiiskii-media-landshaft-televidenie-pressa-internet.

  • Weiss-Wendt, Anton.1998. The Soviet Occupation of Estonia in 1940–41 and the Jews. Holocaust and Genocide Studies 12(2): 308–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesenthal Centre. 2005. Updates on the Center’s ‘Operation: Last Chance’ Campaign To Bring Nazi War Criminals To Justice. Wiesenthal Centre. http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4442249&ct=5852385&printmode=1.

  • Zhurzhenko, Tatiana. 2007. The Geopolitics of Memory. Eurozine, May 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. A Divided Nation? Reconsidering the Role of Identity Politics in the Ukraine Crisis. Die Friedens-Warte, 89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zvereva, V.V. 2012. Setevye razgovory: kul’ turnye kommunikacii v Runete. Bergen: Department of Foreign Languages, University of Bergen.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gaufman, E. (2017). (Re)drawing Boundaries: Russia and the Baltic States. In: Makarychev, A., Yatsyk, A. (eds) Borders in the Baltic Sea Region. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-352-00014-6_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics