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From Philos Hispaniae to Karl Marx: The First English Translation of a Liberal Codex

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Translations In Times of Disruption

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting ((PTTI))

Abstract

This is a study of the authorship, text and impact of the first full English translation of the Constitución Política de la Monarquía Española, known as the Constitution of Cadiz, also the first – in this case, last as well – constitution of the global Hispanic world. The unveiling of the identity of Philos Hispaniae, the man behind its dissemination in London makes possible the exploration of the political, economic and cultural disruptions which, it is argued, explain the translator´s editorial approach. A historical analysis reveals significant mismatches in the translation of Spanish terms into English notions of imperial governance. The chapter ends with an appraisal of the influence this edition had on future generations of readers, including theorists such as Karl Marx.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    R. Carr (1966) Spain, 1808–1939 (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. xvi, 94.

  2. 2.

    J. Ferrando Badía (2003) ‘Proyección exterior de la Constitución de 1812’ in M. Artola-Gallego (ed.) Las Cortes de Cádiz (Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia), pp. 207–248.

  3. 3.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813) The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy proclaimed in Cadiz, 19th March, 1812 (London: J. Souter).

  4. 4.

    See G. G. Iggers (2005) ‘The “Linguistic Turn”: The End of History as a Scholarly Discipline?’ in G. G. Iggers (ed.) Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press), pp. 134–140.

  5. 5.

    A. Pym (2000) Negotiating the Frontier: Translators and Intercultures in Hispanic History (Manchester: St. Jerome), p. 2.

  6. 6.

    A few examples of the last two decades include J. M. Portillo Valdés (2000) Revolución de nación: orígenes de la cultura constitucional en España, 1780–1812 (Madrid: Boletín Oficial del Estado – Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales), p. 395; C. Davies (2013) ‘The Contemporary Response of the British Press to the 1812 Constitution’ in S. G. H. Roberts and A. Sharman 1812 echoes: the Cadiz constitution in Hispanic history, culture and politics (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing), p. 104; I. Fernández Sarasola (2012) ‘La Constitución de Cádiz en Inglaterra’, Historia Constitucional, 13, 21; G. Leyva (2010) Independencia y revolución: pasado, presente y futuro (México, DF: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana), p. 62.

  7. 7.

    A. Iriye and P.-Y. Saunier (eds.) (2009) The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), p.18.

  8. 8.

    G. Iglesias-Rogers (2014) British Liberators in the Age of Napoleon: Volunteering Under the Spanish flag in the Peninsular War (London: Bloomsbury).

  9. 9.

    (1815) New Annual Register, or, General Repository of History, Politics, and Literature, for the Year 1814 (London: John Stockdale), p. 344.

  10. 10.

    J. Watkins, F. Shoberl, and W. Upcott (1816) A Biographical Dictionary of the Living Authors of Great Britain and Ireland: Comprising Literary Memoirs and Anecdotes of Their Lives; and a Chronological Register of Their Publications, with the Number of Editions Printed; Including Notices of Some Foreign Writers Whose Works Have Been Occasionally Published in England (London: Henry Colburn), p. 297.

  11. 11.

    ‘Expediente Daniel Robinson’ in Archivo General Militar de Segovia (Spain), Sección Primera, R-1365.

  12. 12.

    ‘Cadiz, Letter of Daniel Robinson, Lieutenant-Colonel, Deputy Adjutant-General Spanish Staff Corps, London, Oct. 9, 1823’ in The Morning Post, 10 October 1823, p. 2; ‘Gaceta Española, Sevilla, Sábado 17 de Mayo de 1823: Cortes – Presidencia del Señor Ferrer (D. Joaquin) – Sesión del día 16’ in (1858) Diario de las sesiones de Cortes celebradas en Sevilla y Cádiz en 1823 (Madrid: Imprenta Nacional), p. 115; see also Iglesias-Rogers (2014) British Liberators in the Age of Napoleon, pp. 40, 91, 157, 162, 175, 186.

  13. 13.

    ‘A Return of the Officers of the Royal Navy and Marines who are serving in the Army of the Queen of Spain, and in Receipt of their Half Pay’, The Morning Post, 12 March 1836, p. 6; The National Archives of the United Kingdom, Records of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (Prob): 11/2090, ‘Will and Testament of Daniel Robinson (1849)’.

  14. 14.

    ‘Daniel Robinson, 24 Sep 1791, England Births and Christenings, 1538–1975 citing Bishops Waltham, Hampshire, England’, FHL microfilm 1,042,025 in online database FamilySearch https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NY4Q-3QH, accessed 24 January 2010; (1853) ‘Obituary Captain Charles Robinson’ in Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. XXXIX, p. 439; Hillam, C. (2008) ‘Robinson, James (1813–1862)’ in L. Goldman (ed.) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press), online edition, http://ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk:2167/view/article/56842, accessed 24 March 2016.

  15. 15.

    C. Nord (1997) Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained (Manchester: St. Jerome), pp. 4–8, 21.

  16. 16.

    H. R. F. Bourne (1887) English Newspapers: Chapters in the History of Journalism (London: Chatto & Windus), pp. 262–285; H. Barker (2000) Newspapers, Politics and English Society, 1695–1855 (Harlow: Longman), pp. 66–79.

  17. 17.

    See for example various articles in (1811) The Morning Chronicle, 9 September, p. 2; 27 September p. 2; (1811) The Morning Post, 2 October, p. 2; 3 October, p. 2; 4 October, p. 2; 5 October, pp. 2–3; 7 October, p. 2; (1811) The Times, 4 September, p. 2; 12 September, p. 3; 17 September, p. 2; 18 September, p. 2; 19 September, p. 3; 21 September, p. 2; 27 September, p. 2; 30 September, pp. 2–3;15 October, p. 2; 16 October, p. 3; 17 October, p. 3; 18 October, p. 3; 1 November, p. 3; 4 November, p. 3; 6 November, pp. 2–3; 15 November, p. 3; 21 November, p. 3; 3 December, p. 4; 14 December, p. 3; (1812) The Times, 1 January, p. 3; 2 January, p. 3; 24 January, p. 3; 29 January, p. 3; 7 February, p. 3; 20 February, p. 3.

  18. 18.

    ‘Summary of politics: Spanish Revolution’, Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, 16 July 1808, pp. 65–72; see also on this topic K. Gilmartin (1996) Print Politics: The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 13–65; B. Hilton (2006) A Mad, Bad & Dangerous People? England, 1783–1846 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 207–235.

  19. 19.

    ‘Summary of politics: Spanish Revolution’, Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, 16 July 1808, pp. 65–72; ‘Summary of politics: Talavera’s campaign’, Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, 16 September 1809, pp. 353–373; see also on this topic K. Gilmartin (1996) Print Politics: The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 13–65; B. Hilton (2006), pp. 207–235.

  20. 20.

    ‘Spanish Revolution’, Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, 23 November 1811, pp. 655–656.

  21. 21.

    D. Williams (2004) Condorcet and Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 268–275.

  22. 22.

    (1812) The Times, 31 March, p. 3; 9 April, p. 2; 23 June, p. 2; (1812) Royal Cornwall Gazette, Falmouth Packet & Plymouth Journal, 11 April 1812, p. 2; 23 May, p. 3.

  23. 23.

    (1812) The Morning Chronicle, 9 April, p. 2; (1812) The Morning Post, 9 April, p. 2; (1812) The Caledonian Mercury, 13 April, p. 3; (1812) The Aberdeen Journal, 15 April, p. 3.

  24. 24.

    L. Mitchell (1980) Holland House (London: Duckworth), pp. 217–235.

  25. 25.

    ‘Letter of John Allen to Charles Vaughan, London, 5 October 1813‘, Codrington Library, All Souls College, University of Oxford, Vaughan Papers C10/1; Philos Hispaniae (1813) The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy, p. v.

  26. 26.

    (1814) Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, 2 July, pp. 24–26; 23 July, pp. 124–128; 20 August, pp. 254–256.

  27. 27.

    (1814) Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, 28 May 1814, pp. 691–692.

  28. 28.

    F. Burwick (2008) ‘Gateway to Heterotopia: Elsewhere on Stage’ in J. Cass and L.H. Peer (eds.) Romantic Border Crossings (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 33–35; M. Scrivener (2008) Seditious Allegories: John Thelwall and Jacobin Writing (Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press), p. 239.

  29. 29.

    Iglesias-Rogers (2014), pp. 104–109.

  30. 30.

    V. Dávila (ed.) (1929) Archivo del General Miranda, 24 vols. (Caracas: Editorial Sur-América), XVIII, p. 78; XXI, pp. 45–49, 55, 57, 59–61, 69, 74, 76, 84–85, 113–114, 123–124, 127, 145, 157, 169–170, 183, 185, 195, 286, 288, 290–294, 329, 337, 341, 346, 350, 357, 359.

  31. 31.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. vi.

  32. 32.

    ‘Correspondence General Roche and General Baron de Rouelle, 10 October 1813 to 24 May 1814‘, University of Cambridge, Additional Manuscripts 7521, ff. 350–424; G. Iglesias-Rogers (2014), p. 151.

  33. 33.

    D. Lieven (2009) Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814 (London: Penguin), passim.

  34. 34.

    A. Lambert (2012) The Challenge: Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812 (London: Faber and Faber), passim.

  35. 35.

    See for example (1811) ‘Antepara’s South American Emancipation’ in The Monthly Review or Literary journal enlarged, vol. LXIV, pp. 367–380; (1812) ‘Republic of Venezuela’, Liverpool Mercury, 8 May, p. 3.

  36. 36.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. xi.

  37. 37.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. xi.

  38. 38.

    S. O’Phelan (2009) ‘Dionisio Inca Yupanqui y Mateo Pumacahua: Dos indios nobles frente a las Cortes de Cádiz (1808–1814)’ in J. L. Orrego Penagos, C. Aljovín de Losada and J. I. López Soria (eds.) Las independencias desde la perspectiva de los actores sociales (Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú), pp. 93–104. See also S. O’Phelan and G. Lomné (eds.) (2014) Voces americanas en las Cortes de Cádiz: 1810–1814 (Lima: Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos).

  39. 39.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. xi.

  40. 40.

    E. Gentzler (2001) Contemporary Translation Theories (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters), p. 73; J. Byrne (2006) Technical Translation: Usability Strategies for Translating Technical Documentation (Dordrecht: Springer), pp. 14, 39–43.

  41. 41.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), p.10.

  42. 42.

    (1812) Constitución política de la Monarquia Española: Promulgada en Cádiz á 19 de Marzo de 1812 (Cadiz: Imprenta Real), p. 11.

  43. 43.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. vii.

  44. 44.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), pp. vii–viii.

  45. 45.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. 129; (1813), ‘Spanish Colonies’, The Times, 6 August, p. 2.

  46. 46.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. 134.

  47. 47.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), pp. 134–135.

  48. 48.

    F. A. Scarano (1996) ‘The Jíbaro Masquerade and the Subaltern Politics of Creole Identity Formation in Puerto Rico, 1745–1823,’ The American Historical Review, 101, (5), 1398–1431; C. S. Monaco (2005) Moses Levy of Florida: Jewish Utopian and antebellum reformer (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press), pp. 33–34.

  49. 49.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. 130.

  50. 50.

    Monaco (2005) Moses Levy of Florida, pp. 34–38.

  51. 51.

    J. E. Rodríguez Ordoñez (2005) The Divine Charter: Constitutionalism and Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Mexico (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield); J.M. Portillo Valdés (2006) Crisis atlántica: autonomía e independencia en la crisis de la monarquía hispana (Madrid: Marcial Pons).

  52. 52.

    A discussion of this topic in J. Fradera (2012) ‘Situar la Constitución de 1812 en el contexto de las constituciones imperiales,’Historia, 20/10 1, online edition http://www.20-10historia.com/articulo3.phtml, accessed 10 March 2013.

  53. 53.

    (1812) Constitución politica de la Monarquia Española: Promulgada en Cadiz á 19 de Marzo de 1812 (Cadiz: Imprenta Real), p. 4; Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. 2.

  54. 54.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), pp. 1, 4, 8, 61, 62, 64.

  55. 55.

    (1812) Constitución política de la Monarquía Española, p. 67; Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. 73.

  56. 56.

    M. M. Mártinez (2007) ‘De cabildos a ayuntamientos: las Cortes de Cádiz en América’ in I. Á. Cuartero and J. S. Gómez (eds.) Visiones y revisiones de la Independencia Americana: la independencia de América, la Constitución de Cádiz y las constituciones iberoamericanas (Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca), p. 141.

  57. 57.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), pp.11, 13, 20.

  58. 58.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), pp. 25, 33, 76, 84, 86, 105, 107.

  59. 59.

    A. B. Fernández-Guerra (2012) ‘Crossing Boundaries: The Translation of Cultural Referents in English and Spanish,’ Word and Text, A Journal of Literary Studies and Linguistics, II, (2), 121.

  60. 60.

    See, for instance, C. Candlin and M. Gotti (eds.) (2007) Intercultural Aspects of Specialized Communication (Bern: Peter Lang). There is also a summary of the various strategies for dealing with non-equivalence (and more references) in M. Rogers (2015) Specialised Translation. Shedding the Non-Literary Tag (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), p.116.

  61. 61.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. 69.

  62. 62.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. 97.

  63. 63.

    A. B. Fernández-Guerra (2012), pp. 125–128.

  64. 64.

    S. Conway (2002) ‘From Fellow-Nationals to Foreigners: British Perceptions of the Americans, circa 1739–1783’, The William and Mary Quarterly, 3ª serie, 59–1 (January), 65–100; J. Greene (1992), ‘Independence and Dependence: The Psychology of the Colonial Relationship on the Eve of the American Revolution’ in J. Greene, Imperatives, Behaviours and Identities: essays in Early American Cultural History (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press), pp. 174–180.

  65. 65.

    See for example reviews published in (1813) Gentleman’s Magazine (December), p. 586; (1814) Monthly Review (January), pp. 107–108; (1814) Monthly Magazine, or, British Register (January), pp. 511–512; (1820) Monthly Magazine, or British Register (September), pp. 133–153; (1820) The Republican (May), pp. 56–92.

  66. 66.

    (1813) ‘Politics’, Critical Review, or, Annals of literature (December), p. 660.

  67. 67.

    Other versions were published during the nineteenth century, but in a truncated or abridged edition. For example, (1820) The Spanish Constitution proclaimed at Cadiz, March 19th, 1812; re-proclaimed at Cadiz, March 19th, 1820; and adopted as The Constitution of Naples and Sicily, July 4th, 1820 (London: W. Benbow); (1823) Preliminary Discourse Read in The Cortes at the Presentation of The Project of the Constitution by the Committee of the Constitution to Which is Added The Present Spanish Constitution, Translated Exclusively for The Pamphleteer (London: The Pamphleteer).

  68. 68.

    Q. Lewis (2010) ‘Shopping with Karl: Commodity Fetishism and the Materiality of Marx’s London,’ Archaeologies, 6, (1), 154.

  69. 69.

    See (2016) ‘The British Museum – Museum Libraries and Archives’ http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/libraries_and_archives.aspx; (2016) ‘Explore the British Library’ http://explore.bl.uk (both accessed 29 March 2016).

  70. 70.

    M. Rubel (1960) ‘Les Cahiers d’Etude de Karl Marx II. 1853–1856,’ International Review of Social History, 5, (01), 51–52; K.F. Grube (1987) ‘Zu Problemen der Textanordnung bei der kritischen Konstituierung des edierten Textes von Marx’ Exzerpten zur spanischen Revolutionsgeschichte,’ Beiträge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung, Jg. 22, 225–233; (2007) ‘Exzerpte zur Geschichte Spaniens – [1] London, August. 1854 ‘The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy. Proclaimed in Cadiz. 19 March, 1812. London 1813’ in M. Neuhaus, C. Reichel et al (eds.) (2007) Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Exzerpte und Notizen September 1853 bis Januar 1855 – Text (Heft 2) (Amsterdam: Akademie Verlag), pp. 581–592; P. Ribas (1998) Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels – Escritos sobre España: extractos de 1854 (Madrid: Trotta: Fundación de Investigaciones Marxistas), p. 266.

  71. 71.

    M. Rubel (1960), pp. 51–52; P. Ribas (1998), p. 266; Neuhaus, C. Reichel et al (2007) Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Exzerpte und Notizen September 1853 bis Januar 1855 – Text (Heft 2), pp. 581–592; (2007) ‘Exzerpte sur Geschichte Spaniens aus Werken von Robert Southey, John Bigland, William Walton, Manuel de Marliani, José María Toreno sowie anderen Autoren un Schriften. August bis etwa Mitte September 1854 (S. 581–664)’ in M. Neuhaus, C. Reichel and et al (eds.) (2007) Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Exzerpte und Notizen September 1853 bis Januar 1855 – Apparat (Amsterdam: Akademie Verlag), pp. 1310–1350.

  72. 72.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. xi.

  73. 73.

    K. Marx, ‘Revolutionary Spain’, The New York Daily Tribune, 24 November 1854 in K. Marx and F. Engels (1939) Revolution in Spain. [A Collection of Writings on the Revolutionary Struggles of Nineteenth-Century Spain, Principally of Articles and Notes in the New York Daily Tribune] (London: Lawrence Wishart), p. 56.

  74. 74.

    Conway (2002), pp. 65–100; Greene (1992), pp. 174–180.

  75. 75.

    Philos Hispaniae (1813), p. vi.

  76. 76.

    G. Iglesias-Rogers (2015) ‘Waterloo, the Napoleonic Wars and the Recasting of the Global Iberian World,’ The RUSI Journal, 160, (3), 76–81.

  77. 77.

    Marx (1939), p. 56.

  78. 78.

    Marx (1939), p. 56; J. M. Queipo de Llano y Ruiz de Saravia, count of Toreno (1835) Historia del levantamiento, guerra y revolución de España, vol. IV (Madrid: Imprenta de Don Tomas Jordan) p. 416; M. Neuhaus, C. Reichel et al (eds.) (2007), p. 1323. I am grateful to Dr Fernando Durán López (Universidad de Cádiz) for alerting me about the count of Toreno’s authorship of the phrase.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Winchester, Winchester, UK

      Graciela Iglesias-Rogers

    2. Faculty of History, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

      Graciela Iglesias-Rogers

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    1. Graciela Iglesias-Rogers
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    1. Faculty of Medieval & Modern Languages, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

      David Hook

    2. Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, University of Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom

      Graciela Iglesias-Rogers

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    Iglesias-Rogers, G. (2017). From Philos Hispaniae to Karl Marx: The First English Translation of a Liberal Codex. In: Hook, D., Iglesias-Rogers, G. (eds) Translations In Times of Disruption. Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58334-5_3

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