Abstract
There has been a range of theories that leisure scholars have used or have drawn from in exploring and discussing leisure behavior. Each of those theories, as is the nature of the field of leisure studies, comes from another discipline or field. Despite a robust body of research and conceptual discussions on Race and Ethnicity, leisure has drawn very little, if at all, from actual noted theories regarding either social construct. The aim of this chapter is to present a body of theories, the history associated with them, the focus of each, and lastly, some ways that leisure scholars could consider utilizing them in future research or discussions. This chapter also seeks to invigorate the field of leisure studies with perspectives on Race and Ethnicity that have been birthed from social movements and informed by scholars with decades of analysis on the concepts and constructs of both social constructs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alba, R. (2005). Bright vs. blurred boundaries: Second-generation assimilation and exclusion in France, Germany, and the United States. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(1), 2–49.
Anderson, K. (2002). The racialization of difference: Enlarging the story field. The Professional Geographer, 54(1), 25–30.
Arai, S., & Kivel, B. D. (2009). Critical race theory and social justice perspectives on whiteness and (anti)racism: A fourth wave of race research in leisure studies. Journal of Leisure Studies, 41(4), 459–472.
Banks, J., & Hughes, M. S. (2013). Double consciousness: Postsecondary experiences of African American males with disabilities. The Journal of Negro Education, 82(4), 368–381.
Blalock, H. M. (1967). Toward a theory of minority-group relations. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Brennan, T. (2000). The illusion of a future: “Orientalism” as traveling theory. Social Forces, 94(2), 333–348.
Brodwin, S. (1972). The veil transcended: Form and meaning in W.E.B. Du Bois’ The souls of black folk. Journal of Black Studies, 2(3), 303–321.
Brubaker, R. (2009). Ethnicity, race, and nationalism. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 21–42.
Carter, R. (2007). Genes, genomes and genealogies: The return of scientific racism? Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(4), 546–556.
Chhabra, D. (2006). Ethnicity and marginality effects on casino gambling behavior. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 13(3), 221–238.
Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013). Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis. Signs, 38(4), 785–810.
Collins, P. H. (1993). Toward a new vision: Race, class, and gender as categories of analysis and connection. Race, Sex, and Class, 1(1), 25–46.
Craig, W. (1972). Recreational activity patterns in a small Negro urban community: The role of the cultural base. Economic Geography, 48(1), 107–115.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum, 140, 139–167.
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.
Darwin, C. R. (1862). De l’origine des espèces, ou des lois du progrès chez les êtres organisés (On the origin of species by means of natural selection) (C. Royer, Trans.). Paris: Guillaumin and Masson.
D’Alessio, S. J., Stolzenberg, L., & Eitle, D. (2002). The effect of racial threat on interracial and intraracial crimes. Social Science Research, 31(3), 392–408.
Dollar, C. B. (2014). Racial threat theory: Assessing the evidence, requesting redesign. Journal of Criminology, 2014, 1–7.
Dovidio, J. F. (2001). On the nature of contemporary prejudice: The third wave. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 829–849.
Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2004). Aversive racism. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1–52). San Diego: Academic Press.
Dovidio, J. F., Penner, L. A., Albrecht, T. L., Norton, W. E., Gaertner, S. L., & Shelton, J. N. (2008). Disparities and distrust: The implications of psychological processes for understanding racial disparities in health and healthcare. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 478–486.
Durkheim, E. (1965 [1912]). The elementary forms of the religious life (J. W. Swain, Trans.). New York: Free Press.
Du Bois, W. E. B. (2007 [1903]). The souls of black folk. Minneapolis: Filiquarian Publishing, LLC.
Fanon, F. (1967). Black skin, white masks (C. Markmann, Trans.). New York: Grove Press.
Fanon, F. (2004 [1961]). The wretched of the Earth (R. Philcox, Trans.). New York: Grove Press.
Floyd, M. (1998). Getting beyond marginality and ethnicity: The challenge of race and ethnic studies in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 30, 3–22.
Fox, C., & Gugielmo, T. A. (2012). Defining America’s racial boundaries: Blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants, 1890–1945. American Journal of Sociology, 118(2), 327–279.
Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism: Theory and research (pp. 61–89). Orlando: Academic Press.
Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., & Houlette, M. A. (2010). Social categorization. In J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick, & V. M. Esses (Eds.), The Sage handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination (pp. 526–543). New York: Sage Publications.
Goff, P. A., Jackson, M. C., Di Leone, B. A. L., Culotta, C. M., & DiTomasso, N. A. (2014). The essence of innocence: Consequences of dehumanizing Black children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(4), 526–545.
Green, C. R., Anderson, K. O., Baker, T. A., Campbell, L. C., Decker, S., Fillingim, R. B., & Vallerand, A. H. (2003). The unequal burden of pain: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain. Pain Medicine, 4, 277–294.
Greenwald, A., McGhee, D., & Schwartz, J. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480.
Harris, R., Tobias, M., Jeffreys, M., Waldegrave, K., Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. (2006). Racism and health: The relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 1428–1441.
Henderson, K., & Gibson, H. A. (2013). An integrative review of women, gender, and leisure: Increasing complexities. Journal of Leisure Research, 45(2), 115–135.
Henry, P. J., & Sears, D. O. (2002). The symbolic racism 2000 scale. Political Psychology, 23, 253–283.
Hodson, G., Hooper, H., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2005). Aversive racism in Britain: Legal decisions and the use of inadmissible evidence. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 437–448.
Hylton, K. (2005). “Race”, sport and leisure: Lessons from critical race theory. Leisure Studies, 24(1), 81–98.
Irwin, P., Gartner, W., & Phelps, C. (1990). Mexican-American/Anglo cultural differences as recreation style determinants. Leisure Sciences, 12, 335–348.
Itzigisohn, J., & Brown, K. (2015). Sociology and the theory of double consciousness. DuBois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 12(2), 231–248.
Johnson, C. W. (2014). “All you need is love”: Considerations for a social justice in leisure studies. Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 36(4), 388–399.
Johnson, C. Y., Bowker, J. M., English, D. B. K., & Worthen, D. (1997). Theoretical perspectives of ethnicity and outdoor recreation: Review and synthesis of African American and European-American participation (General Technical Report SRS-11). Asheville: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station.
Kahn, K. B., & Davies, P. G. (2011). Differentially dangerous? Phenotypic racial stereotypicality increases implicit bias among ingroup and outgroup members. Groups Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(4), 569–580.
Kane, N. (2007). Frantz Fanon’s theory of racialization: Implications for globalization. Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, 5(3), 353–362.
Kant, I. (1997). On national characteristics, so far as they depend upon the distinct feeling of the beautiful and sublime. In E. C. Eze (Ed.), Race and the enlightenment: A reader (pp. 49–57). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Kivel, B. D., Johnson, C. W., & Scraton, S. (2009). (Re)theorizing leisure experience and race. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(4), 471–492.
Kovel, J. (1970). White racism: A psychohistory. New York: Pantheon.
Lamont, M., & Molnár, V. (2002). The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 167–195.
Lee, R. G. (1972). The social definition of outdoor recreational places. In W. Burch, N. Cheek, & L. Taylor (Eds.), Social behavior, natural resources, and the environment (pp. 68–94). New York: Harper and Row.
Lemert, C. (1994). A class from the other side of the veil: Du Bois’ Souls of black folk. The Sociological Quarterly, 35(3), 386–396.
Li, C., Chick, G. E., Zinn, H. C., Absher, J. D., & Graefe, A. R. (2007). Ethnicity as a variable in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(3), 514–545.
Lyubansky, M., & Eidelson, R. J. (2005). Revisiting Du Bois: The relationship between African American double consciousness and beliefs about racial and national group experiences. Journal of Black Psychology, 31(1), 3–26.
Maestro, D. E., Behm-Morawitz, E., & Kopacz, M. A. (2008). Exposure to television portrayals of Latinos: The implications of aversive racism and social identity theory. Human Communication Research, 34(1), 2–27.
Marx, K. (1963). Karl Marx: Early writings (T. B. Bottomore, Trans.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mbuthia, S. W., & Maingi, S. W. (2010). The influence of ethnicity on leisure pursuits and tourism behavior of Somali immigrants in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism, 1(1), 1–11.
McCall, L. (2005). The complexity of intersectionality. Signs, 30(3), 1771–1800.
McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. In J. Dovidio & S. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91–125). Orlando: Academic Press.
McConahay, J. B., & Hough, J. (1976). Symbolic racism. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 23–45.
McDonald, M. G. (2009). Dialogues on whiteness, leisure and (anti)racism. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(1), 5–21.
Morris, A. (2015). The scholar denied: W. E. B. Du Bois and the birth of modern sociology. Oakland: University of California Press.
Murji, K., & Solomos, J. (2005). Introduction: Racialization in theory and practice. In Racialization: Studies in theory and practice (pp. 1–28). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nash, J. C. (2008). Re-thinking intersectionality. Feminist Review, 89(1), 1–15.
Nayak, M. V., & Malone, C. (2009). American orientalism and American exceptionalism: A critical rethinking of US hegemony. The Pacific Sociological Review, 11(1), 16–22.
Parris, L. T. (2011). Frantz Fanon: Existentialist, dialectician, and revolutionary. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 4(7), 4–23.
Pavlidis, A., & Fullagar, S. (2013). Narrating the multiplicity of “Derby Grrrl”: Exploring intersectionality and the dynamics of affect in roller derby. Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 35(5), 422–437.
Sadowski, Y. (1993). The new orientalism and the democracy debate. The Middle East Report, 183, 14–21.
Said, E. (1977). Orientalism. London: Penguin.
Sears, D. O., & Henry, P. J. (2008). The origins of symbolic racism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 259–275.
Sears, D. O., Henry, P. J., & Kosterman, R. (2000). Egalitarian values and contemporary racial politics. In D. O. Sears, J. Sidanius, & L. Bobo (Eds.), Racialized politics: The debate about racism in America (pp. 75–117). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Stanfield, J. H. (1995). The myth of race and the human sciences. The Journal of Negro Education, 64(3), 218–231.
Stepo, R. B. (1991). From behind the veil: A study of Afro-American narrative. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Tarman, C., & Sears, D. O. (2003). The conceptualization and measurement of symbolic racism. The Journal of Politics, 67(3), 731–761.
Thomas, A., & Sillen, S. (1972). Racism and psychiatry. New York: Brunner/Mazel, Inc.
Washburne, R. (1978). Black under-participation in wildland recreation: Alternative explanations. Leisure Sciences, 1, 175–189.
West, P. (1989). Urban regional parks and black minorities: Subculture, marginality, and interracial relations in park use in the Detroit metropolitan area. Leisure Sciences, 11, 11–28.
Winant, H. (2004). Dialectics of the veil. In The new politics of race: Globalism, difference, justice (pp. 25–38). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Yetman, N. R. (1985). Majority and minority: The dynamics of race and ethnicity in American life (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mowatt, R.A. (2017). A Critical Expansion of Theories on Race and Ethnicity in Leisure Studies. In: Spracklen, K., Lashua, B., Sharpe, E., Swain, S. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Leisure Theory. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56479-5_33
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56479-5_33
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-56478-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-56479-5
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)