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Human Rights, Transnational Migrations and the Changing Role of Citizenship

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Human Dignity

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Abstract

The migration of people is a feature of human history. Nowadays, however, immigration appears as a basic structural trait of nearly all industrialized countries (Massey et al. 1993). What is new are the size and origin of immigration, as well as the reasons for emigration: not only poverty, famine, unemployment and the so-called international wage differential but, increasingly, also persecutions, environmental disasters and wars (ICJ 2014, pp. 38ff.). Hence we witness a growing complexity in migration flows. If, for example, the difference between refugees and voluntary immigrants can be clear from a legal point of view (1951 Convention; 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees), in reality the reasons to move may be a combination of choice and compulsion.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In the United Kingdom each region (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) has different policies and priorities, and thus its own system of publicly funded healthcare, so here I will refer only to England.

  2. 2.

    In Italy, from January 2013 to December 2014 (Ancona and Ascoli Piceno); in France, March–April 2014 (Lyon); in England, in May–June 2014 (London); in Spain, in May–June 2015 (Madrid).

  3. 3.

    Respectively: 85 in Italy, 75 in France, 69 in Spain and 65 in England.

  4. 4.

    Politicians (at national, regional and local levels); doctors; general practitioners; healthcare assistants; clerks at health counters; legal immigrants; undocumented immigrants.

  5. 5.

    With the notable exception of the principle of “non-refoulement” (see The 1951 Refugee Convention).

  6. 6.

    It implies essential primary healthcare; minimum essential food; sanitation; safe and drinkable water; essential drugs. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/ESCR/Pages/Health.aspx.

  7. 7.

    See par. 1, n. 5 and 6. Quotations by politicians do not bear the interviewees’ initials, as they agreed to grant interviews provided they were not identified.

  8. 8.

    http://spain.angloinfo.com/healthcare/health-system/benefits/.

  9. 9.

    See The Telegraph, 20 October 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/11509227/.

  10. 10.

    See www.service-public.fr/particulier/vosdroits/F3079.

  11. 11.

    In accordance with Art. 32 Cost. It., Law 833/1978 set up the National Health System. The first specific legislative action on immigration and healthcare was Law n. 943/86; then we have Law n. 39/90; D.L. n. 489/1995; Law 40/98 which with D.lgs. n. 286/98 merged into the T.U. Its Articles 34, 35 and 36 represent a milestone in the healthcare of foreigners. See http://www.salute.gov.it/.

  12. 12.

    Circular n. 5 of 24 March 2000 clarifies the meaning of “urgent care” and “essential care”.

  13. 13.

    www.nhs.uk.

  14. 14.

    I could not verify the accuracy of this statement.

  15. 15.

    It is made up with: the initials STP (Temporarily Present Foreigner), the ISTAT code of the public health service and a sequence number.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Macerata, Macerate, Italy

    Maria Rita Bartolomei

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  1. Maria Rita Bartolomei
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Correspondence to Maria Rita Bartolomei .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Justice Studies, Lasell College, Framingham , Massachusetts, USA

    Edward Sieh

  2. Social Sciences and Public Policy, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand

    Judy McGregor

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Bartolomei, M.R. (2017). Human Rights, Transnational Migrations and the Changing Role of Citizenship. In: Sieh, E., McGregor, J. (eds) Human Dignity. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56005-6_21

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56005-6_21

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