Abstract
In Chapter 12, Waluszewski, Baraldi and Ciabuschi examine the issue of antimicrobial resistance which is challenging public health worldwide and is bound to impose a considerable economic burden on society. Resistant pathogens are estimated to cause over 700,000 deaths annually, while at the same time, infectious diseases treatable with existing antibiotics continue to cause more than five million deaths every year among poor people in low- and middle-income regions that cannot access antibiotics. This chapter pinpoints the changes necessary to address antimicrobial resistance in terms of new product development and changed usage patterns. The chapter also discusses the theoretical and methodological requirements and the need for a context-specific analysis of the development, production and settings in which antibiotics are used.
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Notes
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- 2.
For further information: http://www.uppsalahealthsummit.se/our-summits/a-world-without-antibiotics-2015/
- 3.
Comprising 16 public and seven private organizations from 12 countries and over 60 individual participants, this project aims to present alternative models for the development of novel antibiotics and for responsible antibiotic use. For details, please visit http://stage.drive-ab.eu/
- 4.
The discussion leaders were, in addition to the authors of this chapter: C-F Helgesson, Professor, Linköping University; Per-Ingvar Olsen, Professor, Norwegian School of Management; Ivan Snehota, Professor, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI).
- 5.
We are particularly indebted to Carl Anderson Kronlid, Cecilia Kållberg, Olof Lindahl, Christopher Okhravi, Steve McKeever and Amanda Gumpert for their help in taking detailed minutes from the round-table discussions.
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The key characteristic of gram-positive bacteria is a cell wall composed of a thick layer of a particular substance, peptidologlycan, which makes it receptive to antibiotics.
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The key characteristic of gram-negative bacteria is a cell wall composed of a thin layer of a particular substance; peptidoglycan, which makes cells walls porous and the bacteria less receptive to antibiotics, next to the presence of efflux pumps which are able to expel antibiotics from the bacterial cell.
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Waluszewski, A., Baraldi, E., Ciabuschi, F. (2018). Increase Development and Decrease Use! Innovation Controversies Caused by Antimicrobial Resistance. In: Hoholm, T., La Rocca, A., Aanestad, M. (eds) Controversies in Healthcare Innovation. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55780-3_12
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