Abstract
This chapter explains the varying outcomes of the securitization of terrorism among three Southeast Asian countries: Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines. At one end of the spectrum the Philippines has been an outspoken supporter of the US war on terror campaign in the region and Singapore, although quietly, has displayed decisive intervention in dealing with terrorism. At the other end, in contrast to the Philippines and Singapore, Malaysia has distanced itself from the US global war against terrorism. This chapter evaluates the three Southeast Asian countries’ strategies in addressing threats posed by land and maritime terrorism. Using the Copenhagen School’s securitization approach as a point of departure, this chapter argues that the characteristics of these countries’ domestic politics inform the successful securitization outcome and responses. This chapter not only sheds light on the securitization of terrorism in non-Western democratic countries, it will also refine the concept of audience in securitization. The proposed strategy uses some insights from Gourevitch’s work, incorporating domestic context to analyze the securitization outcomes.
I have benefited greatly from the suggestions and knowledge on the securitization and domestic politics literature provided by Dr. Cian O’Driscoll, Professor Alasdair Young, Suzie Sudarman, MA, Professor Christian Kaunert and Dr. Daniel Hammond.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agenda. (2015, May 11). A brief history of elections in Malaysia. Retrieved May 11, 2015 from http://www2.agendaasia.org/index.php/articles/news/216-a-brief-history-of-elections-in-malaysia.
Ali, H. (2008). The Malays, their problems and future. Petaling Jaya: The Other Press.
APEC. (2006). Anti-corruption and governance: The Philippine experience (2006/ASCC/014). Retrieved May 7, 2015 from http://www.apec.org.au/docs/06ascc_hcmc/06_9_1_balboa.pdf.
Asia Week. (2001, October 26). The Malay dilemma: The U.S. strikes are polarizing Malaysia and sparking a return to the bad old politics of race. Retrieved May 11, 2015 from http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek.
Bakar, O. (2005). The impact of the American war on terror on Malaysian Islam. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 16(2), 107–127.
Bakti, Ikrar N. (2010). Bilateral relations between Indonesia and the Philippines: Stable and cooperative, In N. Ganesan and Ramses Amer (Eds.), International relations in Southeast Asia: Between bilateralism and multilateralism. Singapore: ISEAS.
Balzacq, T. (2005). The three faces of securitization: Political agency, audience, and context. European Journal of International Relations, 11(2), 171–201.
Banloi, R. C. (2002). The role of Philippine – American relations in the global campaign against terrorism: Implications for regional security. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 24(2), 294–312.
Barrett, R. (2014). The Soufan group report: Foreign fighters in Syria. Retrieved January 27, 2015 from http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/TSG-Foreign-Fighters-in-Syria.pdf.
BBC. (2003, March 19). Asia-Pacific split over war in Iraq. Retrieved May 18, 2015 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2863969.stm.
BBC. (2003, February 3). Arroyo calms Filipino workers in Kuwait. Retrieved May 8, 2015 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2719243.stm.
BBC. (2004, July 16). Philippines starts Iraq pullout. Retrieved May 8, 2015 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3898875.stm.
BBC. (2006, February 10). Islam-West divide “grows deeper”. Retrieved May 18, 2015 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4699716.stm.
BBC. (2015, April 6). Malaysia arrests 17 terror suspects. Retrieved December 20, 2016 from www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-32197167.
Buzan, B., Weaver, O., & De Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. London: Lynne Rienner.
Capie, D. (2004). Between a Hegemon and a hard place: The “War on Terror” and Southeast Asian-US Relations. The Pacific Review, 17(2), 223–248.
Channel News Asia. (2014, December 1). SAF to send 50–60 personnel to combat ISIS threat: Ng Eng Hen. Retrieved January 7, 2015 from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/saf-to-send-50-60/1504122.html.
Chau, Andrew. (2008). Security Community and Southeast Asia: Australia, the U.S., and ASEAN’s Counter-Terror Strategy. Asian Survey, 48(4), 626–649.
Chee, S. (1974). Malaysia and Singapore: The political economy of multiracial development. Asian Survey, 14(2), 183–191.
Cheong, D. (2006). Selling security: The war on terrorism and the internal security act of Singapore. The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 23, 28–56.
Chew, M. F. (2005). Piracy, maritime terrorism and regional interests. Retrieved May 15, 2015 from http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/docs/publications2010/PublcnsGeddes2005_310310_PiracyMaritime.pdf.
Chow, J. T. (2005). ASEAN counterterrorism cooperation since 9/11. Asian Survey, 45(2), 302–321.
Chua, B.-H. (1995). Communitarian ideology and democracy in Singapore. London: Routledge.
Collier, Kit. (2006). Terrorism: Evolving Regional Alliances and State Failure in Mindanao. Southeast Asian Affairs, 26–38.
CNN. (2003, October 17). Mahatir attacks on Jews condemned. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/10/16/oic.mahathir/.
Desker, B., & Ramakrishna, K. (2002). Forging an indirect strategy in Southeast Asia. The Washington Quarterly, 25(2), 161–176.
Economist. (2011, September 16). Malaysian reforms: Najib the bold. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/09/malaysian-reforms.
Emmers, R. (2007). Securitization. In A. Collins (Ed.), Contemporary security studies. Oxford: OUP.
Febrica, S. (2014). Securing the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas: A troublesome cooperation? Perspectives on Terrorism, 8(3), 64–83.
George, C. (2007). Consolidating authoritarian rule: Calibrated coercion in Singapore. The Pacific Review, 20(2), 127–145.
Gourevitch, P. (1978). The second image reversed: The international sources of domestic politics. International Organization, 32(4), 881–912.
Gourevitch, P. (2002). Domestic politics and international relations. In R. S. Carlsnaes (Eds.), Handbook of international relations. London: Sage Publication.
Guardian. (2012, August 6). US helps the Philippines improve its military capability. Retrieved from April 9, 2013 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/06/us-helps-philippines-improve-military.
Guardian. (2014, August 28). Islamic State kills 150 captured troops in Syria, say activist. Retrieved May 6, 2015 from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/28/islamic-state-kills-150-captured-troops-syria-activists.
Guardian. (2015a, April 7) Malaysia passes new detention without trial law, raising human rights fears. Retrieved May 2015 from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/07/malaysia-passes-tough-new-terrorism-law-raising-human-rights-fears9.
Guardian. (2015b, April 26). Malaysian authorities arrest 12 people in suburbs of Kuala Lumpur for ISIS links. Retrieved May 9, 2015 from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/26/malaysian-police-arrest-12-people-isis-links.
Hamid, A. F. A. (2010). Politically engaged Muslims in Malaysia in the Era of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (2003–2009). Asian Journal of Political Science, 18(2), 154–176.
Hashim, S. (1986). Malaysian domestic politics and foreign policy: The impact of ethnicity. In ASEAN in regional and global context. Berkeley: University of California.
Hassan, M. H. B., & Pereire, K. G. (2006). An ideological response to combating terrorism – the Singapore perspective. Small Wars and Insurgencies, 17(4), 458–477.
Hedman, E.-L. E. (2006). The Philippines in 2005: Old dynamics, new conjuncture. Asian Survey, 46(1), 187–193.
Human Rights Watch. (2008, January 31). Overview of human rights issues in Singapore. Retrieved July 2, 2008 from http://hrw.org/englishwr2k8/docs/2008/01/31/singap17616.htm.
Huxley, T. (2002). Singapore in 2001: Political continuity despite deepening recession. Asian Survey, 42(1), 156–164.
Islamic Religious Council of Singapore. (2015, January 1). Background of Madrasahs. Retrieved from http://www.muis.gov.sg/cms/services/Madrasah_sub.aspx?id=204.
Jakarta Post. (2010, July 15). Malaysia makes 1st military Afghanistan deployment. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/07/15/malaysia-makes-1st-military-afghanistan-deployment.html.
Jakarta Post. (2014, December 8). Alarming rise in IS support. Retrieved January 26, 2015 from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/12/08/alarming-rise-is-support.html.
Karyotis, G. (2012). Securitization of migration in Greece: Process, motives and implications. International Political Sociology, 6(4), 390–408.
Kaßner, M. (2013). The influence of the type of dominant party on democracy: A comparison between South Africa and Malaysia. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
Kuik, C.-C. (2012). Malaysia’s U.S. policy under Najib: Ambivalence no more? RSIS Working Paper No. 250. Retrieved May 9, 2015 from http://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/rsis-pubs/WP250.pdf.
Kurlantzick, J. (2002). Tilting at Dominios: America and Al Qaeda in Southeast Asia. Current History, 101(659), 421–426.
Leonard, S., & Kaunert, C. (2010). Reconceptualizing the relationship between the audience and the securitizing actor. In Balzacq (Ed.), Securitization theory: How security problems emerge and dissolve (pp. 57–76). London: Routledge.
Liow, J. C. Y. (2003, April 11). Malaysia’s opposition to the Iraq war: A matter of principle or expediency? RSIS Commentaries. Retrieved May 11, 2015 from http://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/569-malaysias-opposition-to-the/#.VVDajfC-SCk.
Liow, J. C. Y. (2014, September 21). ISIS goes to Asia. Retrieved January 27, 2015 from http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2014/09/21-isis-goes-to-asia-liow
Lum, T., & Dolven, B. (2014). The republic of the Philippines and U.S. interests – 2014. Washington: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved May 12, 2015 from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R43498.pdf.
Malaysia Today. (2015, April 8). Malaysia uses specious terrorism threat to regress on human rights. Retrieved May 6, 2015 from http://www.malaysia-today.net/112117/.
Manila Standard. (2002, August 7). Defence chief justified military pact. Retrieved May 12, 2015 from https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370&dat=20020807&id=0Y8VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yQoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3620,721296&hl=en.
Martinez, P. (2002). Malaysia in 2001: An interlude of consolidation. Asian Survey, 42(1), 133–140.
McDonald, M. (2008). Securitization and the construction of security. European Journal of International Relations, 14(4), 563–587.
Means, G. P. (1998). The Internet and political control in Singapore. Political Science Quarterly, 113(1), 96–110.
Morada, N. M. (2003). Philippine-American security relations after 11 September: Exploring the mutuality of interests in the fight against International Terrorism. Southeast Asian Affairs, 228–238.
National Archieve of Singapore. (2001, October 14). Speech by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong at the Dialogue Session with Union Leaders/Member and Employers. Retrieved August 3, 2008 from http://stars.nhb.gov.sg/stars/public/.
National Trade Union Congress. (2008, July 14). Stand together to fight terror. Retrieved from http://www.ntuc.org.sg/ntucunions/news/news_240103m.asp.
National Trade Union Congress. (2008, July 14). Speech by Mr Lim Boon Heng, Secretary-General NTUC and Minister in the Prime Minister’s Office, Garden Reception for the Engineering Cluster on 30th March 2002. Retrieved January 7, 2015 from https://www.ntuc.org.sg/wps/portal/up2/home/aboutntuc/newsroom/speeches/speechesdetails?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/content_library/ntuc/home/about+ntuc/newsroom/speeches/2aa31480449e2427b4e9b701ca0149bf.
Park, B. G. (1998). Where do tigers sleep at night? The state’s role in housing policy in South Korea and Singapore. Economic Geography, 3, 272–288.
Peleo, A. (2008). Importing misery: Interstate relations, national governance and local insurgency. In-Spire, 2(2), 15–26. Retrieved June 24, 2015 from https://inspirejournal.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/peleo22.pdf.
Pew Research Center. (2013, July 18). Chapter 1. Attitudes toward the United States. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/07/18/chapter-1-attitudes-toward-the-united-states/.
Philippines Department of Foreign Affairs. (2014, April 28). Q&A on the enhanced defense cooperation agreement. Retrieved May 14, 2015 from http://www.gov.ph/2014/04/28/qna-on-the-enhanced-defense-cooperation-agreement/.
Philippines Department of Labour and Employment. (2009). Commission on Filipino overseas: Stock estimate of overseas Filipinos. Retrieved May 8, 2015 from http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/Stock%20Estmate%202009.pdf.
Philippines Official Gazette. (2012, October 15). Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro, 15th October 2012. Retrieved from http://www.gov.ph/downloads/2012/10oct/20121012-Framework-Agreement-on-the-Bangsamoro.pdf.
Philippine Star. (2002, December 27). DFA sees US-Iraq war by Jan. 31. Retrieved May 8, 2005 from http://www.philstar.com/headlines/189378/dfa-sees-us-iraq-war-jan-31.
Philippine Star. (2002, November 29). Nene seeks suspension of MLSA. Retrieved May 12, 2015 http://www.philstar.com/headlines/185878/nene-seeks-suspension-mlsa.
Philippine Star. (2002, July 2). Parouk Hussin dreams of a United Bangsamoro: Can the good doctor resuscitate the ARMM?. Retrieved May 12, 2015 from http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/Modules/Modules/Separatist_Groups/parouk_hussin_dreams_of_a_united.htm.
Philippine Star. (2013, April 4). Malaysia to remain as broker in peace talks. Retrieved May 5, 2015 from http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/04/04/926726/malaysia-remain-broker-peace-talks.
Philippine Star. (2014, March 16). Phl-US base access deal needs Senate approval. Retrieved from http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/03/16/1301471/phl-us-base-access-deal-needs-senate-approval.
Ramakrishna, K. (2005). The Southeast Asian approach” to counter-terrorism: Learning from Indonesia and Malaysia. The Journal of Conflict Studies, 25(1), 27–47.
Ramakrishna, K. (2006). The making of Jamaah Islamiyah. In J. F. F. James (Ed.), Teaching terror: Strategic and tactical learning in the terrorist world. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publisher.
Rappler. (2013, June 29). PH migration report: Number of OFWs increasing. Retrieved May 8, 2015 from http://www.rappler.com/nation/32361-ph-migration-report-ofws.
Reuters. (2013, July 31). U.S. raises military assistance to the Philippines. Retrieved May 12, 2015 from http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/07/31/us-philippines-usa-idUSBRE96U0IG20130731.
Reuters. (2014, May 2). Philippines to give U.S. forces access to up to five military bases. Retrieved May 12, 2015 from http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/02/us-philippines-usa-idUSBREA4107020140502.
Reuters. (2015, April 24). United States seeks access to Philippine bases as part of Asia Pivot. Retrieved May 12, 2015 from http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/25/us-philippines-usa-idUSKBN0NG05R20150425.
Rodan, G. (1998). The Internet and Political control in Singapore. Political Science Quarterly, 113(1), 63–89.
Rodan, G. (2006). Singapore “Exceptionalism”? Authoritarian rule and state transformation. Asia Research Centre-Murdoch University Working Paper No. 131. Retrieved July 10, 2008 from http://wwwarc.murdoch.edu.au/wp/wp131.pdf.
Ryan, M. (2011). War in countries we are not at war with: The “war on terror” on the periphery from Bush to Obama. International Politics, 48(2), 364–389.
Salter, M. B. (2008). Securitization and de-securitization: A dramaturgical analysis of the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority. Journal of International Relations and Development, 11(4), 321–349.
Silong, A. D., Hassan, Z., & Krauss, S. E. (2008). Perceptions of the war against terrorism: A Malaysian case study. Alternative, 7(2), 1–14.
Simon, S. W. (2001). US-Southeast Asia relations: Mixed reactions in Southeast Asia to the US war on terror. CSIS Hawaii. Retrieved May 4, 2015 from http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/0104qus_seasia.pdf.
Singapore Attorney General’s Chamber. (2015, January 2). Societies Act (Chapter 311). The schedule – Specified societies. Retrieved from http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=44e997cb-b814-4941-a0db-38f3aeb72c4c;page=0;query=DocId%3Ad6e38654-0cee-4c7e-bfde-18b1bad85bf8%20Depth%3A0%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0#Sc-.
Singapore Attorney General’s Chamber. (2015, January 3). Penal Code (Chapter 224) Chapter XV Offences relating to religion or race, Section 298A. Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion or race and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony. Retrieved from http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=3864d97d-2a0c-4e90-9edc-2d0760121cfb;page=0;query=DocId%3A%22025e7646-947b-462c-b557-60aa55dc7b42%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0#P4XV_295-.
Singapore Attorney General’s Chamber. (2015, January 5) Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act (Chapter 167A). Retrieved from http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=5d5f259a-a071-486d-8d8c-4373de7c0fc2;page=0;query=DocId%3A%2277026343-e30d-40e2-a32e-b1f5d46c5bd7%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0#pr8-he-.
Singapore Attorney General’s Chamber. (2015, January 6) Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act (Chapter 167A) Part III Restraining Orders. Retrieved from http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=5d5f259a-a071-486d-8d8c-4373de7c0fc2;page=0;query=DocId%3A%2277026343-e30d-40e2-a32e-b1f5d46c5bd7%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0#pr8-he-.
Singapore Business Federation. (2015, January 6). Welcome remarks by Mr Stephen Lee, Chairman, Singapore Business Federation, the 2008 national security dialogue: Strengthening corporate resilience, 21 May 2008, Orchard Hotel Ballroom Room 1 & 2. Retrieved from http://www.sbf.org.sg/public/newsroom/details/20080521sp.jsp.
Singapore Civil Defence Force. (2014, October 13). Safety and Security Watch Group. Retrieved January 6, 2015 from http://www.scdf.gov.sg/content/scdf_internet/en/community-and-volunteers/community-preparedness/industrial-commercial-programmes/safety-security-watch-group.html.
Singapore Civil Defence Force. (2015, January 5). Total defence. Retrieved from http://www.scdf.gov.sg/content/scdf_internet/en/community-and-volunteers/community-preparedness/total-defence.html.
Singapore Media Development Authority. (2008, July 25). Registration of Internet class licensees. Retrieved from http://www.mda.gov.sg/wms.www/devnpolicies.aspx?sid=161#1.
Singapore Media Development Authority. (2015, January 7). Media development authority. Retrieved from http://www.mda.gov.sg/wms.www/aboutus.aspx.
Singapore Ministry of Defence. (2003). Singapore’s national security strategy. Retrieved July 11, 2008 from http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/resources/e-books/.
Singapore Ministry of Defence. (2008, February 12). Speech by Minister for manpower and 2nd Minister for defence Dr Ng Eng Hen. Retrieved June 15, 2008 from http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/resources/speeches/2008/12feb08_nr.html.
Singapore Ministry of Defence. (2014, January 6). Bronze module: Total defence. Retrieved from http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/topics/totaldefence/resources/td_badge_programme/_jcr_content/imindefPars/0004/file.res/td_bronze_09.pdf.
Singapore Ministry of Home Affairs. Countering threat: Terrorism. 2003. Retrieved January 15, 2015 from http://www.mha.gov.sg/isd/ct.htm#terrorism
Singapore Ministry of Home Affairs. (2012, 27 June). Presentation by Mr. Albert Chua, Permanent Representative of Singapore, at Seminar on dialogue, understanding and countering the appeal of terrorism. Retrieved October 21, 2014 from http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/newyork/nyemb_statements/plenary/2012/201206/press_20120627.html.
Singapore Ministry of Home Affairs. (2013, June 25). Speech by Mr Teo Chee Hean, Deputy Prime Minister, Coordinating Minister for National Security and Minister for Home Affairs at the 9th Religious Rehabilitation Group Retreat at Shangri-la Rasa Sentosa Resort. Retrieved October 21, 2014 from http://www.mha.gov.sg/news_details.aspx?nid=MjgzOQ%3D%3D-AMV92Bwzz%2F0%3D.
Singapore Ministry of Home Affairs. (2003). Why invest in security? Retrieved January 6, 2015 from http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=7&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CEoQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mha.gov.sg%2Fget_blob.aspx%3Ffile_id%3D0fc_924_312_p01-10_Div1-Div2.pdf&ei=4syrVK7VOtLZ7Qbk7oHYDg&usg=AFQjCNEsrGmXJM2IBnDcRfY84fB2AIwYUw&sig2=7ySG9C9anNPj6ElE3Mqaaw&bvm=bv.82001339,d.ZGU.
Singapore Ministry of Manpower. (2015, January 27). Tripartism in Singapore. Retrieved January 27, 2015 from http://m.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/tripartism-in-singapore
Singapore National Security Coordination Secretariat. Opening Speech by Prof. S. Jayakumar, Deputy Prime Minister and Coordinating Minister for National Security at the National Security Dialogue with the Business Community, 21 May 2008 at Orchard Hotel. Retrieved January 6, 2015 from http://www.nscs.gov.sg/public/download.ashx?id=268.
Singapore Prime Ministry Office. (2008, April 11). Speech by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. Retrieved June 28, 2008 from http://www.pmo.gov.sg/News/Speech+by+PM+Lee+at+the+LSE+Asia+Forum.htm.
Smith, A. L. (2005). Singapore and the United States 2004–2005: Steadfast Friends. Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Special Assessment, p. 4. Retrieved December 17, 2014 from http://www.apcss.org/Publications/SAS/APandtheUS/SmithSingapore2.pdf.
Social Weather Stations (SWS). (2003, April 11). SWS March 2003 Survey: GMA Sacrifices Popularity by Joining Coalition of Forces on Iraq. Retrieved from http://www.sws.org.ph/pr041003.htm.
Star. (2008, March 7). Through the years. Retrieved May 11, 2015 from http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2008%2F3%2F7%2Flifefocus%2F20318642&sec=lifefocus.
Stark, J. (2005). Beyond “Terrorismm” and “State Hegemony”: Assessing the Islamist Mainstream in Egypt and Malaysia. Third World Quarterly, 26(2), 307–327.
Straits Times. (2001, October 11). PAS: Malaysians have left to help Taliban. Retrieved from the Newsbank database.
Straits Times. (2013, March 8). Terrorist threat to Singapore remains: DPM Teo. Retrieved December 18, 2014 http://www.straitstimes.com/microsites/parliament/story/terrorist-threat-singapore-remains-dpm-teo-20130308.
Stritzel, H. (2007). Towards a theory of securitization: Copenhagen and beyond. European Journal of International Relations, 13(3), 357–383.
Tan, A. T. H. (2005). Singapore: Recent developments in Terrorism and Japan’s role. Asia Pacific Review, 12(2), 71–91.
Tan, C., & Salleh, H. (2014). Reforming Madrasa curriculum: The Singapore case. In Tan, C. (Ed.). Reforms in Islamic education: International perspectives. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Tan, E. K. B. (2007). Norming “moderation” in an “Iconic Target”: Public policy and the regulation of religious anxieties in Singapore. Terrorism and Political Violence, 19(4), 443–462.
Tan, E. K. B. (2009). From clampdown to limited empowerment: Soft law in the calibration and regulation of religious conduct in Singapore. Law & Policy, 31(3), 351–179.
Tremewan, C. (1994). The Political economy of social control in Singapore. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.
United Nations. Permanent mission of Singapore for the United Nations: Small states – The challenges of sustainable development. Retrieved January 7, 2015 from http://www.un.org/en/ga/69/meetings/gadebate/pdf/SG_en.pdf.
United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DoD). (2007, April 11). DoD news briefing with Brig. Gen. John Toolan from the Pentagon. Retrieved January 15, 2015 from http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3927.
USAID. (2015, February 13) About Philippines. Retrieved February 13, 2015 from http://www.usaid.gov/philippines.
U.S. Department of State. (2015, May 8). Special presidential envoy for the global coalition to counter ISIL. Retrieved May 8, 2015 from http://www.state.gov/s/seci/.
U.S. Embassy IIP Digital. (2004, March 8). Malaysia joins container security initiative. Retrieved May 6, 2015 from http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2004/03/20040308122610ajesrom0.1095087.html#ixzz3ZO8iuLin.
Washington Post. (2004, July 21). Filipino hostage released: Arroyo defends Iraq pullout. Retrieved May 8, 2015 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A63438-2004Jul20.html.
Wilkinson, C. (2007). The Copenhagen school on tour in Kyrgyzstan: Is securitization theory useable outside Europe? Security Dialogue, 38(1), 5–25.
Williams, M. C. (2003). Words, images, enemies: Securitization and international politics. International Studies Quarterly, 47(4), 511–531.
Woodier, J. (2006). Securing Singapore/managing perceptions: From shooting the messenger to dodging the question. The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 23, 57–80.
Wright-Neville, D. (2003). Prospects dim: Counter-terrorism cooperation in Southeast Asia. Asia Program Special Report: Fighting Terrorism on the Southeast Asian Front. Retrieved July 7, 2008 from http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/Asia%20Report%20112.pdf.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Febrica, S. (2017). Refining the Role of Audience in Securitization: Southeast Asia’s Fight Against Terrorism. In: Romaniuk, S., Grice, F., Irrera, D., Webb, S. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Global Counterterrorism Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55769-8_33
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55769-8_33
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-55768-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-55769-8
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)