Abstract
The International Handbook on Tourism and Peace offers an optimistic foreword in which the global tourism industry is described as:
[a] worldwide social and cultural phenomenon that engages people of all nations as both hosts and guests, [generating] … connections, [which] spur dialogue and exchange, break down cultural barriers and promote values of tolerance, mutual understanding and respect. In a world constantly struggling for harmonious coexistence, these values espoused by tourism could be integral to building a more peaceful future. (Rifai, 2014)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ashworth, G. (2002). Holocaust tourism: The experience of Krakow-Kazimierz. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 11, 363–367.
Ashworth, G., & Hartmann, R. (2005). Horror and human tragedy revisited – The management of sites of atrocities for tourism. New York: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
Barsalou, J. (2014). Reflecting the fractured past: Memorialisation, transitional justice and the role of outsiders. In S. Buckley-Zistel & S. Schaefer (Eds.), Memorials in times of transition (pp. 47–67). Cambridge: Intersentia.
Bartov, O. (2007). Erased: Vanishing traces of Jewish Galicia in present-day Ukraine. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
BBC. (2011). Rwanda: How the genocide happened. [Online] Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13431486. Accessed 2 Jul 16.
Beswick, D. (2011). Democracy, identity and the politics of exclusion in post genocide Rwanda: The case of the Batwa. Democratization, 18(2), 490–511.
Blom, T. (2000). Morbid tourism – A postmodern market niche with an example from Althorp. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift – Norwegian Journal of Geography, 54, 29–36.
Brandstetter, A. (2010). Contested pasts: The politics of remembrance in post-genocide Rwanda (pp. 6–22). Amsterdam: Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences. 6th Ortelius Lecture, Antwerp 1 April 2010. Wassenaar: NIAS.
Buckley-Zistel, S., & Schaefer, S. (2014). Memorials in times of transition. Cambridge: Intersentia.
Buda, M. D., & McIntosh, J. A. (2013). Dark tourism and voyeurism: Tourist arrested for “spying” in Iran. Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(3), 214–226.
Carr, G. (2012). Examining the memorialscape of occupation and liberation: A case study from the Channel Islands. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 18(2), 174–193.
Cook, S. E. (2006). Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Dallaire, R. (2004). Shake hands with the devil: The failure of humanity in Rwanda. London: Arrow.
Des Forges, A. (1999). Leave none to tell the story. Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Des Forges, A. (2011). Defeat is the only bad news: Rwanda under Musinga, 1896–1931. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Foley, M., & Lennon, J. (1996). JFK and dark tourism: A fascination with assassination. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2(4), 198–211.
Foote, K. (2003). Shadowed ground: America’s landscapes of violence and tragedy (Revised Ed.). Texas: Texas University Press.
Friedrich, M. (2016). Heritage interpretation of the dead as a tool for peace and reconciliation: The case of visitor development at Rwanda’s post-conflict memorialscape. Unpublished PhD, University of Central Lancashire, Preston.
Friedrich, M., & Johnston, T. (2013). Beauty versus tragedy: Thanatourism and the memorialisation of the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 11(4), 302–320.
Gourevitch, P. (1998). We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families. New York: Picador.
Graham, B., & Whelan, Y. (2007). The legacies of the dead: Commemorating the troubles in Northern Ireland. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 25, 476–495.
Graham, B., Ashworth, G. J., & Tunbridge, J. E. (2000). A geography of heritage. New York: Oxford University Press.
Guyer, S. (2009). Rwanda’s bones. Boundary 2 – An International Journal of Literature and Culture, 36(2), 155–175.
Hamber, B., Ŝevčenko, L., & Naidu, E. (2010). Utopian dreams or practical possibilities? The challenges of evaluating the impact of memorialisation in societies in transition. The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 4(3), 397–420.
Hohenhaus, P. (2013). Commemorating and commodifying at the Rwanda genocide memorial sites in a politically difficult context. In L. White & E. Frew (Eds.), Dark tourism and place identity: Managing and interpreting dark places (pp. 142–155). Abington/Oxon: Routledge.
Ibreck, R. (2013). International constructions of national memories: The aims and effects of foreign donors’ support for genocide remembrance in Rwanda. Journal of Intervention and State building, 7(2), 149–169.
Kim, S. Y. (2011). Staging the ‘cartography of paradox’: The DMZ special exhibition at the Korean War Memorial, Seoul. Theatre Journal, 63(3), 381–402.
Klep, K. (2014). Memorialisation and social action in Santiago de Chile. In S. Buckley-Zistel & S. Schaefer (Eds.), Memorials in times of transition (pp. 199–219). Cambridge: Intersentia.
Logan, W., & Reeves, K. (2009). Places of pain and shame. Dealing with ‘difficult heritage’. Abingdon: Routledge.
Mamdani, M. (2002). When victims become killers: Colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Matthews, L. (2006). The people who don’t exist. [Online] Cultural Survival-Indigeneity in Africa, 30(2). Available from: http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/rwanda/people-who-dont-exist. Accessed 1 Jun 2015.
McKinney, S. (2014). Between violence and romance: Gorillas, genocide and Rwandan tourism. In B. Sion (Ed.), Death tourism: Disaster sites as recreational landscapes (pp. 289–309). New York: Seagull Books.
McLean Hilker, L. (2011). Young Rwandans’ narratives of the past [and present]. In S. Straus & L. Waldorf (Eds.), Remaking Rwanda: State building and human rights after mass violence (pp. 316–330). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Meierhenrich, J. (2011). Topographies of remembering and forgetting – The transformation of Lieux de memoire in Rwanda. In S. Straus & L. Waldorf (Eds.), Remaking Rwanda: State building and human rights after mass violence (pp. 283–296). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
Melvern, L. (2009). A people betrayed-the role of the west in Rwanda’s genocide. London: Zed Books Ltd.
Pottier, J. (2002). Re-imagining Rwanda, conflict, survival and disinformation in the late twentieth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Prunier, G. (1995/1997). The Rwanda crisis: History of a genocide. London: Hurst & Company.
Rifai, T. (2014). Foreword. In C. Wohlmuther & W. Wintersteiner (Eds.), International handbook on tourism and peace (p. 11). Klagenfurt/Celovec: Drava Verlag.
Roberts, C., & Stone, P. R. (2014). Dark tourism and dark heritage: Emergent themes, issues and consequences. In I. Convey, G. Corsane, & P. Davis (Eds.), Displaced heritage: Dealing with disaster and suffering (p. 2014). Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
Seaton, A. V. (1996). Guided by the dark: From thanatopsis to thanatourism. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2(4), 234–244.
Seaton, T. (2009). Purposeful otherness: Approaches to the management of thanatourism. In R. Sharpley & P. R. Stone (Eds.), The darker side of travel. The theory and practice of dark tourism (pp. 75–108). Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Sharpley, R. (2012). Towards an understanding of ‘genocide tourism’: An analysis of visitors’ accounts of their experience of recent genocide sites. In R. Sharpley & P. R. Stone (Eds.), Contemporary tourist experience: Concepts and consequences (pp. 95–109). Abington: Routledge.
Sharpley, R., & Friedrich, M. (2017). Genocide tourism in Rwanda: Contesting the concept of the ‘dark tourist’. In G. Hooper & J. J. Lennon (Eds.), Dark tourism: Practice and interpretation (pp. 134–146). Abington/Oxon: Routledge.
Sharpley, R., & Stone, P. R. (2009). Life, death and dark tourism: Future research directions and concluding comments. In R. Sharpley & P. R. Stone (Eds.), The darker side of travel. The theory and practice of dark tourism (pp. 247–251). Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Steele, S. L. (2006). Memorialisation and the land of the eternal spring: Performance practices of memory on the Rwandan genocide [Online] Available from: http://www.lawapps.law.unimelb.edu.au/cmcl/seminars/Passages_paper_S_Steele_final.pdf. Accessed 22 May 2012.
Stone, P. R. (2006). A dark tourism spectrum: Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions. Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal, 54(2): 145–160. Available from http://www.iztzg.hr/en/publications/tourism/latest_issue/?clanakId=100&brojId=6
Stone, P. R. (2013). Dark tourism scholarship: A critical review. Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(3), 307–318.
Stone, P. R., & Sharpley, R. (2013). Deviance, dark tourism and ‘dark leisure’: Towards a (re)configuration of morality and the taboo in secular society. In S. Elkington & S. Gammon (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives in leisure: Meanings, motives and lifelong learning. Abington/Oxon: Routledge.
Tadjo, V. (2010). Genocide: The changing landscape of memory in Kigali. African Identities, 8(4), 379–388.
Tunbridge, J. E., & Ashworth, G. J. (1996). Dissonant heritage – The management of the past as a resource in conflict. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Viebach, J. (2014). Alétheia and the making of the world: Inner and outer dimensions of memorials in Rwanda. In S. Buckley-Zistel & S. Schaefer (Eds.), Memorials in times of transition (pp. 69–94). Cambridge: Intersentia.
Williams, P. (2007). Memorial museums – The global rush to commemorate atrocities. New York: Berg.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Friedrich, M., Stone, P.R., Rukesha, P. (2018). Dark Tourism, Difficult Heritage, and Memorialisation: A Case of the Rwandan Genocide. In: R. Stone, P., Hartmann, R., Seaton, T., Sharpley, R., White, L. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Dark Tourism Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47566-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47566-4_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-47565-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-47566-4
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)