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Fish used in Aquariums: Nemo’s Plight

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The Palgrave International Handbook of Animal Abuse Studies

Abstract

Choosing fish as subject matter, this chapter attempts to challenge the ‘thoroughgoing speciesism’ (Beirne 1999) inherent in the mammalian-centric animal abuse literature. To do this, it draws on research in marine biology and animal cognition to philosophically establish that fish are moral agents, and ‘subjects-of-a-life’ (Regan 1983), on par with mammals, and thus, worthy of more in-depth consideration. Then, using the Marine Aquarium Fish Trade as a case study, this chapter proposes an integrated theoretical framework within green criminology that strengthens the political economic ‘treadmill of production’ theory (see Lynch et al. 2013) by incorporating a an analysis of the ‘cultural grease’ that ensures the treadmill’s smooth operation. It outlines the ideological work of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and specifically considers how, through its public aquariums and organizational behavior, the AZA and its member aquariums facilitate cultural narratives and silences conducive to ecologically destructive anthropocentric capitalism and the trade in marine fish. Finally, the chapter outlines the specific instances and macro-patterns of environmental degradation these narratives facilitate through the treadmill of production itself: from the widespread destruction of coral reef habitats in Southeast Asia, to harm induced by transportation, to global warming, resulting, ultimately, in mass marine-theriocide.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    It should be noted that such experimentation conducted to determine the pain capacity of fish are forms of animal abuse in and of themselves. The experimenters utilize a utilitarian scientific rationale that justifies the harming of a few fish to primarily advance the body of scientific knowledge, and in some cases with a secondary objective of showing that fish should fall under our current rights frameworks due to their capacity to suffer (see Bekoff 2007 for discussion).

  2. 2.

    ‘Greenwashing’ typically refers to the utilization of green imagery, token-gestures (e.g., small donations to ‘conservation’ organizations), and other public relations efforts that corporations use to mislead the public about the true environmental consequences of their company or industry’s practices and products, thus providing a false or over-inflated impression of ‘environmental friendliness’ (See Simon 2000, p. 642). For an example of the Chevron Corporation’s greenwashing practices see Lynch and Stretesky (2003), pp. 220–222.

  3. 3.

    The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international trade agreement between 181 nations designed to regulate the trade in plant and animal species so that such trade does not result in extinction. CITES covers 5,600 animal and 30,000 plant species through three Appendices: Appendix I species are threatened by extinction (international trade in such species is prohibited, but there are exemptions); Appendix II species are not yet threatened by extinction but ‘may become so unless trade is closely monitored’; and Appendix III species are protected by at least one CITES member country that asks other member countries to help control the international trade in that species (CITES 2015).

  4. 4.

    Toward the end of the treadmill encompassing black coral, the figure of $350,000 per tonne of black coral was calculated from the U.S. Department of Justice’s [DOJ] largest ever indictment of a U.S. company knowingly trading in falsely-labelled black coral supplied by a Taiwanese company operating through China. On top of a USD $1.8 million criminal fine the jewelry company GEM Manufacturing LLC ‘was also ordered to forfeit dozens of jewelry items, 10 artistic sculptures and over 13,655 pounds of raw black coral, the total value of which, at current prices, exceeds $2.17 million’ (see U.S. Department of Justice 2011). An example closer to the beginning of the treadmill comes from Manila, Philippines where in 2011 poachers harvested at least 21,000 black coral specimens and killed at least 161 endangered sea turtles. The specimens were packed in two vans destined for exports, both falsely labelled as containing ‘rubber’ when the Philippines Bureau of Customs intercepted them. The harvesting of these black coral specimens is estimated to have destroyed as much as 191 square kilometers of habitat (five times the size of Manila) that supported thousands of other species (see more at Tubeza 2011a, 2011b).

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  1. School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research (SSPSSR), University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom

    Jordan E. Mazurek

  2. Institute for Criminological Research (IKS), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Jordan E. Mazurek

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  2. Centre for Criminology, University of South Wales , Pontypridd, United Kingdom

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  3. Criminology Department, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine, USA

    Piers Beirne

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Mazurek, J.E. (2017). Fish used in Aquariums: Nemo’s Plight. In: Maher, J., Pierpoint, H., Beirne, P. (eds) The Palgrave International Handbook of Animal Abuse Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43183-7_15

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