Abstract
Due to its high light absorption coefficient and appropriate bandgap, CuInS2 (CIS) has been receiving much attention as an absorber material for thin film solar cells and also as a visible light photocatalyst. Herein we present heterostructured CIS/ZnO nanorods (NRs) in an attempt to enhance light absorption and facilitate charge separation/transfer in the photocatalysis system. CIS nanoparticles (NPs) were directly deposited on ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs) to fabricate heterostructured CIS/ZnO NRAs using an environmentally benign, non-hydrazine solution reaction. These heterostructured NRAs are immobilized on FTO glass, which has additional merits of recyclability and bias-applicability. The ideal type-II band structure of CIS/ZnO enables efficient charge separation/transfer, which is confirmed by PL (photoluminescence) decay measurements. Also, the 1D-ZnO NR structure facilitates fast charge transfer along with enhancing light absorption via light scattering. These synergistic effects improved the photocatalytic activity in both organic dye and bacteria decomposition. The photodecomposition efficiency was further enhanced with an aid of external bias. The underlying photocatalytic mechanism was also investigated through controlled experiments under various scavenging conditions. The results suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed by multistep reduction of O2 play a main role in photocatalysis, while hole-induced photo-decomposition is relatively deactivated due to the band structure of the heterostructures of CIS/ZnO.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. G. Kumar and L. G. Devi, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2011, 115, 13211–13241.
R. Daghrir, P. Drogui and D. Robert, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2013, 52, 130226090752004.
V. R. Posa, V. Annavaram, J. R. Koduru, V. R. Ammireddy and A. R. Somala, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 2016, 33, 456–464.
U. I. Gaya and A. H. Abdullah, J. Photochem. Photobiol., C, 2008, 9, 1–12.
S. Sakthivel, B. Neppolian, M. V. Shankar, B. Arabindoo, M. Palanichamy and V. Murugesan, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2003, 77, 65–82.
Y. J. Jang, C. Simer and T. Ohm, Mater. Res. Bull., 2006, 41, 67–77.
C. Tian, Q. Zhang, A. Wu, M. Jiang, Z. Liang, B. Jiang and H. Fu, Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 2858.
A. Kudo and Y. Miseki, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 253–278.
S. Rehman, R. Ullah, A. M. Butt and N. D. Gohar, J. Hazard. Mater., 2009, 170, 560–569.
E. Guillén, L. M. Peter and J. A. Anta, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115, 22622–22632.
M. Pelaez, N. T. Nolan, S. C. Pillai, M. K. Seery, P. Falaras, A. G. Kontos, P. S. M. Dunlop, J. W. J. Hamilton, J. A. Byrne, K. O'Shea, M. H. Entezari and D. D. Dionysiou, Appl. Catal., B, 2012, 125, 331–349.
Y. Wang, Q. Wang, X. Zhan, F. Wang, M. Safdar and J. He, Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 8326–8339.
Y. Tak, H. Kim, D. Lee and K. Yong, Chem. Commun., 2008, 4585–4587.
C. Eley, T. Li, F. Liao, S. M. Fairclough, J. M. Smith, G. Smith and S. C. E. Tsang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 7838–7842.
Y. Wu, F. Xu, D. Guo, Z. Gao, D. Wu and K. Jiang, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2013, 274, 39–44.
C. Liu, Z. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Liu, Y. Wang, E. Lei, J. Ya, N. Gargiulo and D. Caputo, Mater. Sci. Eng., B, 2012, 177, 570–574.
D. Lin, H. Wu, R. Zhang, W. Zhang and W. Panw, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2010, 93, 3384–3389.
M. G. Panthani, V. Akhavan, B. Goodfellow, J. P. Schmidtke, L. Dunn, A. Dodabalapur, P. F. Barbara and B. A. Korgel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 16770–16777.
M. Gloeckler and J. R. Sites, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 2005, 66, 1891–1894.
L. Y. Sun, L. L. Kazmerski, A. H. Clark, P. J. Ireland and D. W. Morton, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 1978, 15, 265–268.
P. Jackson, D. Hariskos, E. Lotter, S. Paetel, R. Wuerz, R. Menner, W. Wischmann and M. Powalla, Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl., 2011, 19, 894–897.
I. Repins, M. A. Contreras, B. Egaas, C. DeHart, J. Scharf, C. L. Perkins, B. To and R. Noufi, Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl., 2008, 16, 235–239.
F. Shen, W. Que, Y. He, Y. Yuan, X. Yin and G. Wang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2012, 4, 4087–4092.
H. Fakhri, A. R. Mahjoub and A. H. C. Khavar, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2014, 318, 65–73.
Y. Yang, W. Que, X. Zhang, Y. Xing, X. Yin and Y. Du, J. Hazard. Mater., 2016, 317, 430–439.
H. Fakhri, A. R. Mahjoub and A. H. C. Khavar, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process., 2016, 41, 38–44.
G. S. Chen, J. C. Yang, Y. C. Chan, L. C. Yang and W. Huang, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2009, 93, 1351–1355.
D. Lee and K. Yong, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2012, 4, 6758–6765.
D. Lee and K. Yong, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2014, 118, 7788–7800.
T. K. Todorov, O. Gunawan, T. Gokmen and D. B. Mitzi, Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl., 2013, 21, 82–87.
Y. Tak and K. Yong, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 19263–19269.
L. Li, N. Coates and D. Moses, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 132, 22–23.
S. Cho, J. W. Jang, K. H. Lee and J. S. Lee, APL Mater., 2014, 2(1), 010703.
S. Kim, B. Fisher, H. J. Eisler and M. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 11466–11467.
Y. Choi, M. Beak and K. Yong, Nanoscale, 2014, 6, 8914–8918.
H. Kaneko, T. Minegishi and K. Domen, Coatings, 2015, 5, 293–311.
M. Sauer, J. Hofkens and J. Enderlein, Handb. Fluoresc. Spectrosc. Imaging From Single Mol, Ensembles, 2011, pp. 1–30.
W.-S. Chae, E. Choi, Y. Ku Jung, J.-S. Jung and J.-K. Lee, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2014, 104, 153101.
A. Sillen and Y. Engelborghs, Photochem. Photobiol., 1998, 67, 475–486.
M. R. Hoffmann, S. Martin, W. Choi and D. W. Bahnemann, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 69–96.
L. Wu, J. C. Yu and X. Fu, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 2006, 244, 25–32.
E. Grabowska, J. Reszczynska and A. Zaleska, Water Res., 2012, 46, 5453–5471.
R. Jusoh, A. A. Jalil, S. Triwahyono and N. H. N. Kamarudin, RSCAdv., 2015, 5, 9727–9736.
J. Schneider, M. Matsuoka, M. Takeuchi, J. Zhang, Y. Horiuchi, M. Anpo and D. W. Bahnemann, Chem. Rev., 2014, 114, 9919–9986.
K. Krumova and G. Cosa, Singlet Oxygen: Applications in Biosciences and Nanosciences, 2016, vol. 1, pp. 1–21.
S. Ghosh, N. A. Kouamé, L. Ramos, S. Remita, A. Dazzi, A. Deniset-Besseau, P. Beaunier, F. Goubard, P.-H. Aubert and H. Remita, Nat. Mater., 2015, 14, 505–511.
G. V. Buxton, C. L. Greenstock, W. P. Helman and A. B. Ross, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1988, 17, 513–886.
D. J. Carlsson, J. Polym. Sci., Part C: Polym. Lett., 1978, 16, 485–486.
C. Hu, Y. Lan, J. Qu, X. Hu and A. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110, 4066–4072.
O. Akhavan and E. Ghaderi, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113, 20214–20220.
C. M. Courtney, S. M. Goodman, J. A. McDaniel, N. E. Madinger, A. Chatterjee and P. Nagpal, Nat. Mater., 2016, 15, 529–534.
N. S. Leyland, J. Podporska-Carroll, J. Browne, S. J. Hinder, B. Quilty and S. C. Pillai, Sci. Rep., 2016, 6, 24770.
X. Huang, I. H. El-Sayed, W. Qian and M. A. El-Sayed, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 2115–2120.
C. Loo, A. Lowery, N. Halas, J. West and R. Drezek, Nano Lett., 2005, 5, 709–711.
Q.-C. Sun, Y. Ding, S. M. Goodman, H. H. Funke and P. Nagpal, Nanoscale, 2014, 6, 12450–12457.
V. Lakshmi Prasanna and R. Vijayaraghavan, Langmuir, 2015, 31, 9155–9162.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2016R1A4A1010735, NRF-2016R1A2B2011416). E.-J. K. and S. W. H. acknowledge the Korea Ministry of Environment as part of “The Eco-Innovation Program” (No. 2016000140006).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baek, M., Kim, EJ., Hong, S.W. et al. Environmentally benign synthesis of CuInS2/ZnO heteronanorods: visible light activated photocatalysis of organic pollutant/bacteria and study of its mechanism. Photochem Photobiol Sci 16, 1792–1800 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7pp00248c
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c7pp00248c