Introduction

The use of electronic tools is increasing worldwide1. Varieties and the attractiveness of these tools have led to various groups of people, especially teenagers, using them for prolonged periods resulted in some musculoskeletal problems2.

It is commonly thought that in addition to psychological problems, like anxiety, headaches, insomnia, depression, poor sleep quality, and fatigue, long-term use of smartphones leads to inactivity and abnormal posture, such as a forward head posture (FHP) and rounded shoulders3. Maintaining a forward head posture (FHP) decreases cervical lordosis of the lower cervical vertebrae and creates a posterior curve in the upper thoracic vertebrae to maintain balance. This can necessarily affect muscular activity and place more pressure on the cervical spine where chronic pain originates4,5.

Individuals with FHP and non-specific chronic neck pain (NSCNP) often suffer from weakness of the deep neck flexor muscles, which is to be compensated by excessive activity of other muscles such as sternocleidomastoid, and scalene6. This compensation leads to muscle imbalance and changes in the stress–strain diagram, by which cervical spine overload occurs6,7. This may also be observed in the thoracic spine as some involved muscles are connected to both areas. Also, disorders or impairments occur in the neck and respiratory system because of the joint activity of the muscles mentioned above operated on the neck movements and respiratory function6,8.

Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure (MIP & MEP) decrease in individuals with FHP and NSCNP8. This posture causes the respiratory pattern to change from nasal breathing to mouth breathing. Compared to the normal posture, both scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles show a higher activity amount in FHP6. Such long-term activation can create poor respiratory habits to facilitate activities in auxiliary respiratory muscles4. Furthermore, the respiratory function is affected by changed muscle activity due to pain and disability, affecting the neck in a vicious circle. In order to improve this posture, heat, traction, and exercise have all been used7. Various methods such as joint mobilization, stretching, isometric strengthening exercises, endurance exercises, and proprioceptive exercises have also been applied depending on the method and theory utilized by the therapist or the patient’s condition7 Also, various therapeutic and rehabilitative methods have been used in some previous research, such as the McKenzie exercise, Kinesio taping, and myofascial release9. Each method has demonstrated positive results in improving impairments and disorders in this area9. In this regard, some researchers have reported better consequences obtained from combinations of some of their therapeutic methods9. However, previous research has not compared the effect of adding breathing exercises to therapeutic exercises; also, respiratory exercises have shown benefits for respiration and balancing the main and auxiliary muscles6. Furthermore, respiratory exercises are low-cost and easily used in different situations6.

This study investigated if the addition of respiratory exercise for smartphone users with FHD and NSCNP, into a routine therapeutic program, would produce superior results than the routine therapeutic program itself? It was hypothesized that adding respiratory exercise into a routine therapeutic would enhance treatment effects on neck pain, respiratory pattern, electromyography, and posture in smartphone users with moderate chronic neck pain and FHP.

Methods

Study design and participants

The study was a randomised assessor-blind controlled trial. The study has been registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials prospectively registered at 04/03/2020 (IRCT20200212046469N1), and the Ethics Committee on Research obtained the ethical approval at the Kharazmi University, Iran (IR.KHU.REC.1398.023). The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries Department, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. The study was reported following the rigor of the CONSORT guideline10, and all experimental conditions conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki. Orthopaedic physicians recruited patients with chronic neck pain via flyers displayed at the hospitals over three months from April to June 2020.

Prior to participation in the study, all subjects were explained about the objectives and provided written informed consent, and all participants provided written informed consent prior to enrolment.

Inclusion criteria were males and females who were using a smartphone for more than four hours a day who rated their ‘worst pain over the last 24-h’ as moderate using the visual analogue scale (VAS), with neck disability index (NDI) scores between 28 and 45%, and pain lasting longer than three months11,12,13,14. FHP was defined as a cervical angle < 50°15,16,17. A lateral-view photograph was taken to identify cervical angle in standing position15,16,17.

The exclusion criteria were: previous history of neck or back surgery, neurological signs, rheumatoid arthritis, and currently using muscle relaxation medication.

Participants were randomised into two experimental groups and one control group by drawing a number from 1 to 63, placed in sealed envelopes in a box prepared in advance by the trainer. The randomisation sequence was not disclosed until participants had completed their baseline assessments. The assessor was blinded to group allocation. Participants were not blinded to the exercise study; however, they were not aware which treatment was considered to be therapeutic. The same physiotherapist and trainer supervised both active treatment groups (Fig. 1).

Figure 1
figure 1

Flow Diagram of the study.

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Outcome assessments

The outcomes were measured at baseline and—for organisational reasons of the Laboratory -post-treatment two days after the eight-week intervention. The primary outcome measure was pain, and secondary outcome measures were EMG, respiratory pattern, and posture.

All participants completed a baseline questionnaire (see Table 1). A PhD trained physiotherapist performed a physical therapy evaluation with 25-years of clinical experience. All participants were instructed to limit their weekly exercise to the study treatment5,18,19.

Table 1 Demographic data and baseline values of patients.
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Pain intensity

The pain was evaluated using VAS choosing a number from 0 (no pain at all) to 10 (unbearable pain). This scale is a valid and reliable tool19,20,21. The minimum clinically important difference for within-group on the pain scale has been reported to be 2.5-points in people with chronic neck pain22.

Electromyography

An EMG device with eight channels (made by data Log Biometrics company, Canada) was used to measure the activity of upper trapezius muscles, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, neck erector spine, and diaphragm muscles. The muscles reported above were chosen because directly involved in the functional activities of the cervical-thoracic district (e.g., neck movements, trunk control, and breathing)23. Based on the recommendations of SENIAM, the skin surface was shaved of hair and cleaned with alcohol swabs before wireless EMG electrodes were applied.

EMG electrodes were placed in five areas as follows: upper trapezius, as positioned from the lateral to the midpoint, as an imaginary line was formed by the posterior aspect of the acromion and the spinous process of C7, and the electrode was placed on the muscle bulk24. For the sternocleidomastoid, the electrode was placed at the lower one-third of the line connecting the sternal notch and mastoid process24. For scalene muscles, the electrode was placed on the posterior triangle of the scalene muscle, above the clavicle, more inclined to the sternocleidomastoid (just posterior to and at a slightly oblique angle relative to the sternocleidomastoid [SCM], just above the clavicle and in the hollow triangle anterior of the upper trapezius)25. For neck erector spine, the electrode was attached to the muscles around the C4 vertebra26. For the diaphragm, the lower edge of the rib cage on a vertical line that passes through the nipple centre was selected for electrode placement27,28.

The EMG information was collected using an EMG device with a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz, and in this study the EMG signal data were sampled at 1000-Hz. These signals were filtered in the bandpass between 20 and 500 Hz24. The full shoulder flexion task was used to obtain data on the activity of the selected muscles. In this regard, the subjects performed each flexion movement and returned to the initial state at a 5-s time, in three consecutive times24,25,29.

Additionally, to estimate a maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) for the upper trapezius (ICC = 0.88), subjects placed their hand at 900 abduction, sitting down on a chair, and were asked to apply pressure against the exposed resistance at the top29,30. To obtain the MVC for sternocleidomastoid (ICC = 0.97) and scalene (ICC = 0.87) muscles, subjects were placed in the supine position, and their hands were put on their own heads. Then, the head was anterolaterally placed and pressurised against the hand resistance25. To obtain the MVC for the erector spine muscle (ICC = 0.87–0.95), the subjects were asked to be in a prone posture and put both hands behind their head as moving the overhand against the resistance in the extension direction30. To achieve MVC for the diaphragm muscle in the sitting position subjects took deep breaths31. Each position of the maximal voluntary contraction was used two times for a five-second duration to normalise the data30.

The EMG signal was processed by the Root Mean Square (RMS) algorithm in the MATLAB program. The resulting number represented the average power of a signal that indicated the muscle activity. To compare the subjects and normalise the data, the obtained values from the RMS were divided by those obtained from the MVC of each muscle, and the amount of muscle activity was considered as a percentage of the MVC24,25,29.

Respiratory pattern assessment

To assess the breathing pattern, the Manual Assessment of Respiratory Motion (MARM) was adopted presenting a good reliability (ICC = 0.850)18 (Fig. 2). Sit behind the subject and place both your hands on the lower lateral rib cage so that your whole hand rests firmly and comfortably and does not restrict breathing motion. Your thumbs should be approximately parallel to the spine, pointing vertically, and your hand comfortably open with fingers spread so that the little finger approaches a horizontal orientation. Note that the fourth and fifth fingers reach below the lower ribs and can feel the abdominal expansion. You will make an assessment of the extent of overall vertical motion your hands feel relative to the overall lateral motion. Also, decide if the motion is predominantly upper rib cage, lower rib cage/abdomen or relatively balanced. Use this information to determine the relative distance from the horizontal line (C) of the upper and lower lines of the MARM diagram. The upper line (A) will be further from the horizontal and closer to the top if there is more vertical and upper rib cage motion. The lower line (B) will be further from the horizontal and closer to the bottom if there is more lateral and lower rib cage/abdomen motion18 (Fig. 3). Finally, get a sense of the overall magnitude and freedom of rib cage motion. Place lines further apart to represent greater overall motion and closer for less motion. the tester recorded and interpreted different aspects of respiration, including the number of breaths and the balance of respiration between the upper and lower parts of the rib cage and abdomen. In this way, in the pre-test and post-test, after evaluating the respiratory status with this method and determining the ratio of the share of respiration in the abdominal and thoracic parts, the changes in the respiratory share of these two parts are analyzed and the results are obtained. The indicator shows the effectiveness of the interventions applied18.

Figure 2
figure 2

The MARM graphic notation.

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Figure 3
figure 3

MARM test.

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Forward head posture assessment

The forward head and shoulder angles were measured using photogrammetry of the sagittal plane. This method favoured reliability (ICC ranged from 0.88 to 0.98), and it has been used in various research4,25,32,33. Forward head posture was defined as a cervical angle < 50°15,16,17. A lateral-view photograph was taken to identify cervical angles in a standing position15,16,17. Three anatomical signs, including left tragus, acromion, and the spinous process of C7-vertebra were determined and marked to measure the angles. Then, the subjects were asked to stand at the designated area beside a wall (at a 23-cm distance) so that their left side was placed toward the wall. The photographic tripod supporting the digital camera was placed at a distance of 265-cm, and its height was set based on the subject’s right shoulder level. In such circumstances, the subjects were asked to lean forward three times and raise their hand over their head three times. They were then asked to stand in a completely relaxed and natural posture, and to look at an imaginary point on the opposite wall (eyes in line with horizon). The tester took images of the body profile view after a five-second pause. Finally, these images were transferred to a computer, and the angle of the line connecting tragus to C7-vertebrae, and that of the line connecting C7 and the acromion process were respectively measured with the vertical line (forward head and shoulder angles) using Kinova software (Kinova-0.8.27-64-bit, Kinova company, Canada)34,35.

Training protocol

As intended in this study, training included two parts: therapeutic routine and respiratory exercises. The therapeutic exercises contained resistance and stretching exercises (in the three stretching exercises, we used static stretching with a 30-s hold for 2-sets) for 45 to 60 min per session, specifically one session a day for three sessions a week; totally all held in eight weeks36,37,38,39,40. The rest interval between movements in these exercises was 45 and 30 s for resistance and stretching exercises, respectively. Resistance exercises included: 1.Side-lying external rotation(Teres minor, infraspinatus), 2.Prone horizontal abduction with external, rotation(Middle trapezius, Lower trapezius, Rhomboids, Infraspinatus, Teres minor), 3.Y-to-I exercise(Middle trapezius, Lower trapezius, Serratus anterior): Subjects try to flex the shoulder 180 degrees while externally rotating while in the prone position with the shoulder at a 90-degree abduction., 4.Chin tuck (Longus colli, Longus capitis): Subjects bring the chin close to the chest while lying on the supine position., and stretching exercises included: 1. Static levator scapulae stretch (levator scapulae) exercise(Pectorals minor), 2.One-sided unilateral self-stretch exercise (Pectorals minor): Subjects stands back against the wall at a distance, and while placing one forearm on the wall, the body rotates in the opposite direction. , 3.Static sternocleidomastoid stretch (Sternocleidomastoid)37. In the combined group, respiratory exercises were added to the therapeutic routine above, which consisted of balloon breathing exercises performed in sessions of four sets: The subject lies in the supine position, placing the soles of his feet against the wall so that the ankle, knee, and thigh joints are at a 90-degree angle. The subject places a 3–4-inch ball between his/her knees, which he/she has to maintain through the pressure of the internal thigh muscles during the whole training period and puts his/her back on the bed through a flat pelvic tilt. Holds the right hand above the head and the left hand with the balloon. It inhales through the nose in three-four seconds and then exhales slowly into the balloon. To perform the next tail operation, place only the tongue on the roof of the mouth without biting the balloon to prevent air from escaping inside the balloon., and as each set had four complete breathing breaks, these exercises were conducted for two sessions a day and three days a week for eight weeks41. All exercise was done under the supervision of a physical therapist at the pain clinic. All participants received documentation, including information on postural corrections and improving general health.

Control group

The control group (n = 20) received a pamphlet including information on postural corrections and improving general health during the 8-week study period. No other physical therapy modalities or treatments were performed42.

Statistical analysis

The necessary sample size was estimated using G*Power 3.1.7 for Windows (G*Power©, University of Dusseldorf, Germany). To obtain 80% statistical power, an α error = 0.05, repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA), and a medium effect size of 0.25 to consider two groups and two measurements for the primary outcome (neck pain), generating a sample size about of 18-participants per group (total sample size of 54-subjects) considering a 15%-dropout rate the sample was increased to 63 (21 in each group).

One-way ANOVA was used to compare the group demographics. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with a between-factor of the groups and participants' baseline scores included as a covariate43. The Bryant-Paulson procedure was used to conduct pairwise comparisons and calculate the confidence intervals44. Effect sizes of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 were considered ‘small’, ‘moderate’, and ‘large’ respectively41. SPSS software was (alpha level of 0.05) used for statistical analysis (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

One hundred participants were recruited, 37 did not qualify based on the exclusion and inclusion criteria of the study, and 63 were randomised into three groups. Intention to treat protocol was followed for post-treatment analysis. See the CONSORT diagram for details.

There was a high degree of adherence to all three interventions. Of the possible 24-sessions, the therapeutic routine group, the combined group, and the control group attended 20 ± 2 sessions, 20 ± 1 sessions, and 19 ± 2 sessions, respectively.

Our cohort comprised male and female subjects, with a mean age of 24.7 ± 2.1 years, with 4.6 ± 1.1 pain on VAS at baseline and 46.4 ± 3.4 on the FHP. Further details on demographic data and additional baseline outcome measures are reported in Table 1. Demographic characteristics and baseline outcome measures (age (P = 0.35), pain (P = 0.97), and FHP (P = 0.24)) did not differ between the groups (P > 0.05).

Treatment effects

The main effects of group × time interactions are presented in Tables 2, 3, and 4.

Table 2 Effect of training on pain and forward head posture.
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Table 3 Effect of training on muscle activation (%MVC).
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Table 4 Effect of training on respiratory pattern.
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Significant groups by time interactions were found for pain (F = 3.22, P = 0.04), FHP (F = 5.32, P = 0.03), amount of activity in the upper trapezius muscle (F = 7.42, P = 0.04), amount of activity in the sternocleidomastoid muscle (F = 13.84, P = 0.02), amount of activity in the scalene muscle (F = 14.48, P = 0.02), for the amount of activity in the neck erector spine muscle (F = 11.24, P = 0.03), amount of activity in the neck erector diaphragm muscle (F = 14.12, P = 0.03), respiratory balance (F = 12.6, P = 0.03), number of breaths (F = 8.7, P = 0.03).

For pain, at eight weeks both the therapeutic routine (57.5% changes from the baseline), (d(95%CI) = 0.75 (0.23, 1.14); P = 0.02) and combined group (62.4% changes from the baseline), (D(95%CI) = 0.85 (0.41, 1.33); P = 0.01) had significant within-group changes, but differences in the control group (6.2% changes from the baseline), (d(95% CI) = 0.21 (− 1.2, 0.03); P = 0.38) were not significant.

For FHP, at eight weeks both the therapeutic routine (47.5°–52.3°), (d(95% CI) = (− 0.55 (− 1.92, − 0.13); P = 0.03) and combined groups (46.5°–52.8°), (d(95%CI) = (− 0.70 (− 2.5, − 0.38); P = 0.01) had significant within-group changes, but differences in control group (45.3°–46.9°), (d(95%CI) = (− 0.12 (− 0.08, 1.08) P = 0.43) were not significant (see in Table 2).

For amount of activity muscles, at eight weeks the therapeutic routine groups (upper trapezius (45.5% changes from the baseline), (d(95%CI) = (0.81 (0.17, 1.12); P = 0.02), sternocleidomastoid (29.3% changes from the baseline), (d(95%CI) = (0.79 (0.23, 1.44)); P = 0.03), scalene (39.3% changes from the baseline), (d(95%CI) = (0.86 (0.13, 1.62)); P = 0.02), and neck erector spine (32.9% changes from the baseline), (d(95%CI) = (0.85 (0.17, 1.64)); P = 0.04), and in combined groups (upper trapezius (60.3% changes from the baseline), (d(95%CI) = (0.95 (0.41, 1.33)); P = 0.01), sternocleidomastoid (36.3% changes from the baseline), (d(95%CI) = (0.91 (0.5, 2.42)); P = 0.01), scalene (45.6% changes from the baseline), (d(95%CI) = (0.92 (0.41, 2.14)); P = 0.01), neck erector spine (49.6% changes from the baseline), (d(95%CI) = (0.90 (0.12, 1.94)); P = 0.01), and diaphragm (28.2% changes from the baseline), (d(95%CI) = (− 0.78 (− 0.2, − 0.98)); P = 0.01)) groups had significant within-group changes, but differences in control group and amount of activity diaphragm muscle in the therapeutic routine group (4.4% changes from the baseline), (d(95%CI) = (0.18 (− 0.2, 0.46)); P = 0.11) were not significant (see in Table 3).

For respiratory pattern, at eight weeks both the combined group (respiratory balance (37.5% changes from the baseline), (d(95%CI) = (− 0.59 (− 0.12, − 1.33)); P = 0.01), and number of breaths (19.1% changes from the baseline), (d(95%CI) = (0.72 (0.21, 1.37)); P = 0.02), but differences in the control group, and therapeutic routine were not significant (see in Table 4).

Discussion

In this randomized, assessor-blind controlled trial, we found evidence that in smartphone users with FHP and NSCNP, additional respiratory exercises during a therapeutic program had no extra benefit on pain intensity, forward head angle and muscle activity directly after the 8-week intervention compared to the same therapeutic program without respiratory exercises. Furthermore, despite respiratory pattern, none of the secondary outcomes proved superior in the combination group.

Moreover, the amount of activity in the upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, and cervical erector spine muscles revealed a significant decrease in both experimental groups, although no significant differences were found between these two groups. Having conducted the training interventions, the amount of activity in the diaphragm muscle indicated a remarkable increase in the combined group as compared with the two other groups, including the therapeutic and control ones. As for the respiratory pattern, superiority was observed in the number of breaths and respiratory balance for the group of combined exercises compared to the therapeutic routine and control groups. In the control group, there were no significant differences over time.

Having performed the intended exercises, a decrease in activity could be found in the upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, and cervical erector spinae muscles in both exercise groups. However, changes in the diaphragm muscle activity were only observed in the combined group.

Suggested that performing breathing exercises is effective in improving function for patients with FHP6. This study suggested that SCM and anterior scalene activities increased in both groups when comparing the changes within groups. However, respiratory feedback exercises more effectively induced activity changes in the SCM when comparing changes between groups. Excessive tension and contraction of neck muscles happen by compensation for patients with FHP6. This leads to decreased frequency of contraction and relaxation of muscles as muscle activities due to the stiffness of neck flexors increase. However, inhibition of compensation is effective if a proper load is applied during inhalation and exhalation using respiratory feedback exercises6. Based on this study, when breathing exercises are mediated, they effectively release the body. Exercises are thought to effectively improve the NDI, which is a subjective functional scale. This study suggests that is more efficient in SCM activity, neck flexor, and NDI by mediating respiratory feedback exercise than those in control group. Such results can affect inefficient breathing imbalances of patients with FHP, as neck flexors are accessory respiratory muscles6.

Regarding muscle activity, the present results are consistent with Lee et al. and Borisut et al.45,46. As the electronic tool being used in the FHP, recent studies have indicated that increased activity was observed in the muscles, including the upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, cervical erector spinae, thoracic erector spinae, and neck extensors. Consequently, these muscles are shortened, and the deep cervical flexor muscles are weakened in such conditions47. In this regard, Borisut et al. reported a decrease in the muscle activation of the cervical erector spineae, sternocleidomastoid, anterior scalene, and upper trapezius after strength exercises46.

Having performed all the exercises in both experimental groups in the present study, the probable effect mechanism can be implied as activation in the collaborative muscles in the cervical area, correcting FHP, and decreasing the activity amount in muscles, including the upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, and cervical erector spineae46. In fact, adding the respiratory exercises to the therapeutic ones did not create a remarkable change in the activity of the upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, and cervical erector spineae muscles. However, a significant increase in diaphragm muscle activity was revealed due to the respiratory exercises in the combined group compared with the two other groups.

As for the FHP, the experimental groups indicated a considerable decrease compared to the controls, but no significant difference was observed between the experimental groups. In this regard, the results obtained in this research were consistent with those found by Kong et al.7. According to the previous research, the chin-tuck exercise merely is not of enough durability48. Hence, researchers have tried to combine this exercise with some other endurance and strength exercises, to strengthen the movement domain and increase the endurance of the cervical muscles. Kong et al.7 reported that performing a course of modified cervical exercises has revealed a remarkable positive effect on the FHP of smartphone users who suffered from such an abnormal disorder. Therefore, the probable mechanism to decrease the FHP in both experimental groups has been assumed to reduce the activity of upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, and cervical erector spinae muscles, strengthen cervical deep flexor muscles, and use collaborative muscles in this area7.

Before and after the performance of the training interventions in the three involved groups, the number of pain changes were measured and evaluated using VAS. Although the controls experienced no significant reduction in pain, both experimental groups’ showed an observable decrease in pain following the interventions. Having reviewed the obtained results, no significant difference was found based on the effectiveness of pain between the two experimental groups.

As for the pain variable, the research results were consistent with those obtained from Chung et al.’s study36, in which two exercise methods of ‘craniocervical flexion and isometric neck exercise’ were compared in patients with chronic neck pain in terms of the effect on pain. Their comparative results indicated that both mentioned exercise methods have remarkably improved pain36. The present research aimed to compare the effect caused by adding respiratory exercises to the therapeutic routine by applying mere therapeutic exercises using a different method. Having conducted all the exercises, consequently, both experimental groups benefited from a remarkable decrease in their amount of pain while no significant difference was observed between both groups in this regard. As inferred from these findings, the addition of respiratory exercises did not increase the effect of the therapeutic ones on decreasing pain. Therefore, the positive effect of therapeutic exercises on balancing cervical muscle activity and improving posture in this area can be simply deemed the leading cause of pain reduction.

On the other hand, the respiratory pattern was evaluated using the MARM method in this research, and the obtained results revealed that only the combined group experienced positive changes in this pattern compared with the therapeutic routine. Generally, these results were consistent with those observed in Lee et al.’s study1. Having examined whether and how a course of exercises affects the cervical angle and respiratory function in smartphone users, Lee et al.1 reported that the participants conducted the related exercises, experienced positive and remarkable results in the cervical angle and multiple respiratory factors as compared with the controls1. As aimed in this research preface, the breath number and respiratory balance were compared to be affected by the respiratory-therapeutic and therapeutic exercises. The possible mechanism of effects caused by the respiratory-therapeutic exercises, which focused on correcting the FHP, seemed to strengthen respiratory muscles such as the diaphragm, increase lung volume, extend vital capacity and inform people with their body and breath position. Accordingly, the respiratory pattern was associated with positive changes in the respiratory-therapeutic exercise group1,49.

Our study limitation was that no long-term follow-up assessment was considered in the current study, so a similar study with a follow-up stage is highly recommended38,39,40. Future research should combine the assessment of neck impairments50 with advanced respiratory assessment and respiratory exercise tools such as spirometry and power breath to assess respiratory factors associated with neck pain. Finally, qualitative studies (e.g., focus group, interviews) should consider the patients’ perspectives (e.g., expectations, beliefs)51 regarding the respiratory exercises in neck pain to inform clinicians on their feasibility in the clinical settings.

Conclusions

Besides improvement in main symptoms, if the purpose of treatment for patients with a forward head posture and chronic neck pain is to correct respiratory pattern, this study recommends adding respiratory exercise to a routine therapeutic program.