Abstract
Large-scale genomic surveys of crop germplasm are important for understanding the genetic architecture of favorable traits. The genomic basis of geographic differentiation and fiber improvement in cultivated cotton is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed 3,248 tetraploid cotton genomes and confirmed that the extensive chromosome inversions on chromosomes A06 and A08 underlies the geographic differentiation in cultivated Gossypium hirsutum. We further revealed that the haplotypic diversity originated from landraces, which might be essential for understanding adaptative evolution in cultivated cotton. Introgression and association analyses identified new fiber quality-related loci and demonstrated that the introgressed alleles from two diploid cottons had a large effect on fiber quality improvement. These loci provided the potential power to overcome the bottleneck in fiber quality improvement. Our study uncovered several critical genomic signatures generated by historical breeding effects in cotton and a wealth of data that enrich genomic resources for the research community.
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Data availability
All raw transcriptome data (PRJNA634606) and raw resequencing data (PRJNA605345) have been deposited at in the NCBI BioProject database. All supporting data (assembled genome sequence of G. hirsutum ‘Xinluzao 7’ (ICR_XLZ 7), genotype files for genetic diversity and population structure analysis and phenotype data for GWAS) are available in the cotton genomic variation database (CottonGVD) (http://120.78.174.209:30081/ftp).
Code availability
Introgression analysis pipeline can be accessed through https://github.com/sungaofei/3K-TCG.
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Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the National Key Technology R&D Program, the Ministry of Science and Technology (grant nos. 2016YFD0100203 to X.D. and S.H. and 2016YFD0100306 to S.H.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 31871677 to S.H. and 31671746 to X.D.), the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the National Crop Germplasm Resources Center (grant no. NICGR2019-12 to Y.J.). We thank the National Mid-term Gene Bank for Cotton at the Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, for providing the seeds; J. A. Udall of Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture for sharing the sequencing data in NCBI (PRJNA414461); K. Wang and F. Liu of the Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences for providing the DNA samples of wild species and landraces; and J. Ma and X. Li (Research Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Y. Li and C. Ye (Biotechnology Research Institute of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences), Y. Qian and W. Jin (Institute of Cotton, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), J. Liu and J. Zhao (Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences) and Z. Zhou (Hunan Agricultural University) for assisting in planting cottons and investigating phenotypes.
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Contributions
X.D. and S.H. conceived and designed the research. G.S., S.H., P.D. and Liyuan Wang performed the bioinformatics and data analysis. X.G., W.G., Y.J. and Z. Pan prepared the leaf tissues and extracted DNA samples. W.S., J.W., S.X., S.C., C.Y., Z.X., F.W., J.S., G.F., Liyuan Wang, Z. Peng, D.H., Liru Wang and B.P. participated in the phenotype data investigation. B.C. performed the qRT–PCR and overexpression experiment. S.H. wrote the manuscript.
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Extended data
Extended Data Fig. 1 Extensive chromosomal inversions led to haplotype polymorphism on chromosomes A06 (a) and A08 (b) in G. hirsutum.
For confirming chromosome inversions cause haplotype polymorphism on two chromosomes, we de novo assembled the genome of G. hirsutum ‘Xinluzao 7’ (ICR_XLZ 7) which carried the haplotype (Hap-A06-3 and Hap-A08-4) contrasting with the reference genome (ICR_TM-1, Hap-A06-1 and Hap-A08-3). Two and three major inversions are found on chromosomes A06 (a) and A08 (b), respectively (marked by red boxes).
Extended Data Fig. 2 Two fiber quality-related loci derived from introgressions of diploid cottons.
a, Local clustering of 3,278 accessions based on the SNPs of G. arboreum introgressed region on chromosome A09 (GaIR_A09, ranged from ~61.8M to ~62.1 Mb) (FL3/FS2). A zoom-in view of the GaIR_A09 clade (right). G. arboreum (red branch) is clustered closely with G. hirsutum introgression lines. b, Local clustering of 3,278 accessions based on the SNPs of G. thurberi introgressed region on chromosome D08 (GthIR_D08, ranged from ~7.8Mb to ~60.4 Mb) (FS3). A zoom-in view of the GthIR_D08 clade (right). G. thurberi (purple branch) is clustered closely with all the introgression lines. c, The possible origination of FL3/FS2 and FS3 in Chinese elite cotton lines with superior fiber quality.
Extended Data Fig. 3 The genetic architecture of FL2.
a, Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber length in the GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FL2 locus on chromosome D11. Blue dot line indicates the significant threshold of -log10(P) value (7.35). b, Gene models (top), local Manhattan plot (middle) and local LD heatmap (bottom) in the FL2 region. c, Haplotypes of FL2 locus in the 3K-TCG panel. Accessions (vertical) are re-ordered according to the clustering based on regional SNPs (horizontal). The genotype of accessions is categorized into three haplotypes (Hap_FL2_1, Hap_FL2_2 and Hap_FL2_3). Colored lines (left) indicate the subgroup classification and the red lines (right) indicate the accessions selected for GWAS (n = 1,245). d, Gene expression profiles in the genomic region of FL2. Comparison of gene expression in various tissues between alternative haplotype (FL2 and fl2). DPA, day postanthesis. e, Comparison of fiber length among different haplotypes of locus FL2. In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t-test. f, Allelic frequency of locus FL2 in G. hirsutum subgroups.
Extended Data Fig. 4 The genetic architecture of FL3/FS2.
a, Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber length (top) and fiber strength (bottom) in GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FL3/FS2 locus on chromosome A09. Blue dot lines indicate the significant threshold of -log10(P) value (7.35). b, Gene models (top), local Manhattan plots (middle) and LD heatmap (bottom) in the FL3/FS2 region. c, Haplotypes of FL3/FS2 locus in the 3K-TCG panel. Accessions (vertical) are re-ordered according to the clustering based on regional SNPs (horizontal). The genotype of accessions is categorized into two haplotypes (Hap_FL3/FS2_1 and Hap_FL3/FS2_2). Colored lines (left) indicate the subgroup classification, and the red lines (right) indicate the accessions selected for GWAS (n = 1,245). d, Gene expression profiles in the genomic region of FL3/FS2. Comparison of gene expression in various tissues between alternative haplotype (FL3/FS2 and fl3/fs2). DPA, day postanthesis. e, Comparison of fiber length and fiber strength among different haplotypes of locus FL3/FS2. In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t-test. f, Allelic frequency of locus FL3/FS2 in G. hirsutum subgroups.
Extended Data Fig. 5 The genetic architecture of FL4.
a, Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber length (top) and fiber strength (bottom) in GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FL4 locus on chromosome A10. Blue dot lines indicate the significant threshold of -log10(P) value (7.35). b, Gene model (top) and local Manhattan plots (bottom) in the FL4 region. c, The expression of Gh_A10G233100 in various tissues between alternative haplotype (FL4 and fl4). DPA, day postanthesis. d, Comparison of fiber length among different haplotypes of locus FL4. In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t-test. e, Allelic frequency of locus FL4 in G. hirsutum subgroups.
Extended Data Fig. 6 The genetic architecture of FL5/FS1.
a, Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber length (top) and fiber strength (bottom) in GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FL5/FS1 locus on chromosome A07. Blue dot lines indicate the significant threshold of -log10(P) value (7.35). b, Gene models (top), local Manhattan plots (middle), and LD heatmap (bottom) in the FL5/FS1 region. c, Haplotypes of FL5/FS1 locus in the 3K-TCG panel. Accessions (vertical) are re-ordered according to the clustering based on regional SNPs (horizontal). The genotype of accessions is categorized into four haplotypes (Hap_FL5/FS1_1, Hap_FL5/FS1_2, Hap_FL5/FS1_3 and Hap_FL5/FS1_4). Colored lines (left) indicate the subgroup classification, and the red lines (right) indicate the accessions selected for GWAS (n = 1,245). d, Gene expression profiles in the genomic region of FL5/FS1. Comparison of gene expression in various tissues between alternative haplotype (FL5/FS1 and fl5/fs1). DPA, day postanthesis. e, Comparison of fiber length and fiber strength among different haplotypes of locus FL5/FS1. In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t-test. f, Allelic frequency of locus FL5/FS1 in G. hirsutum subgroups.
Extended Data Fig. 7 The genetic architecture of FE1.
a, Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber elongation rate in GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FE1 locus on chromosome D04. Blue dot lines indicate the significant threshold of -log10(P) value (7.35). b, Gene models (top), local Manhattan plots (middle), and LD heatmap (bottom) in the FE1 region. c, Haplotypes of FE1 locus in the 3K-TCG panel. Accessions (vertical) are re-ordered according to the clustering based on regional SNPs (horizontal). The genotype of accessions is categorized into two haplotypes (Hap_FE1_1 and Hap_FE1_2). Colored lines (left) indicate the subgroup classification, and the red lines (right) indicate the accessions selected for GWAS (n = 1,245). d, Gene expression profiles in the genomic region of FE1. Comparison of gene expression in various tissues between alternative haplotype (FE1 and fe1). DPA, day postanthesis. e, qRT–PCR analysis of Gh_D04G181300 (GhTUA2) expression between accessions carrying alternative haplotype (mean ± s.d., n = 3 independent experiments). f, The root phenotype in GhTUA2-overexpressed Arabidopsis. g, Comparison of fiber elongation rate among different haplotypes of locus FE1. In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t-test. h, Allelic frequency of locus FE1 in G. hirsutum subgroups.
Extended Data Fig. 8 The genetic architecture of FE2.
a, Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber elongation rate in GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FE2 locus on chromosome D01. Blue dot lines indicate the significant threshold of -log10(P) value (7.35). b, Gene models (top), local Manhattan plots (middle), and LD heatmap (bottom) in the FE2 region. c, Haplotypes of FE2 locus in the 3K-TCG panel. Accessions (vertical) are re-ordered according to the clustering based on regional SNPs (horizontal). The genotype of accessions is categorized into two haplotypes (Hap_FE2_1 and Hap_FE2_2). Colored lines (left) indicate the subgroup classification, and the red lines (right) indicate the accessions selected for GWAS (n = 1,245). d, Gene expression profiles in the genomic region of FE2. Comparison of gene expression in various tissues between alternative haplotype (FE2 and fe2). DPA, day postanthesis. e, qRT–PCR analysis of Gh_D01G220400 expression between accessions carrying alternative haplotype (mean ± s.d., n = 3 independent experiments). f, Comparison of fiber elongation rate among different haplotypes of locus FE2. In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t-test. g, Allelic frequency of locus FE1 in G. hirsutum subgroups.
Extended Data Fig. 9 The genetic architecture of FE3.
a, Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber elongation rate in GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FE3 locus on chromosome A05. Blue dot lines indicate the significant threshold of -log10(P) value (7.35). b, Gene models (top), local Manhattan plots (middle), and LD heatmap (bottom) in the FE3 region. c, Haplotypes of FE3 locus in the 3K-TCG panel. Accessions (vertical) are re-ordered according to the clustering based on regional SNPs (horizontal). The genotype of accessions is categorized into two haplotypes (Hap_FE3_1 and Hap_FE3_2). Colored lines (left) indicate the subgroup classification, and the red lines (right) indicate the accessions selected for GWAS (n = 1,245). d, Gene expression profiles in the genomic region of FE3. Comparison of gene expression in various tissues between alternative haplotype (FE3 and fe3). DPA, day postanthesis. e, qRT–PCR analysis of Gh_A05G094100 expression between accessions carrying alternative haplotype (mean ± s.d., n = 3 independent experiments). f, Comparison of fiber elongation rate among different haplotypes of locus FE3. In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t-test. g, Allelic frequency of locus FE3 in G. hirsutum subgroups.
Extended Data Fig. 10 Correlation of favorable allelic combinations for fiber elongation rate (a), fiber length (b), and fiber strength (c) in GWAS panel.
Colored dots represent accessions carrying different allelic combinations. All accessions with superior fiber quality (fiber length > 32mm, fiber strength > 32cN/tex) are marked by blue rectangles.
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He, S., Sun, G., Geng, X. et al. The genomic basis of geographic differentiation and fiber improvement in cultivated cotton. Nat Genet 53, 916–924 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00844-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00844-9
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