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Colloidal quantum dot lasers

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Abstract

Semiconductor nanocrystals represent a promising class of solution-processable optical-gain media that can be manipulated via inexpensive, easily scalable colloidal techniques. Due to their extremely small sizes (typically <10 nm), their properties can be directly controlled via effects of quantum confinement; therefore, they are often termed colloidal quantum dots (CQDs). In addition to size-tunable emission wavelengths, CQDs offer other benefits for lasing applications, including low optical-gain thresholds and high temperature stability of lasing characteristics. Recent progress in understanding and practical control of processes impeding light amplification in CQDs has resulted in several breakthroughs, including the demonstration of optically pumped continuous-wave lasing, the realization of optical gain with direct current electrical injection and the development of dual-function electroluminescent devices that also operate as optically pumped lasers. The purpose of this Review is to assess the status of the field of CQD lasing and discuss the existing challenges and opportunities. A particular focus is on approaches for suppressing nonradiative Auger recombination, novel optical-gain concepts enabled by strong exciton–exciton interactions and controlled CQD charging, effects of nanocrystal form factors on light amplification and practical architectures for realizing electrically pumped CQD lasers. This overview suggests that the accumulated knowledge, along with the approaches developed for manipulating the optical-gain properties of colloidal nanostructures, perfectly position the CQD field for successfully addressing a long-standing challenge: the realization of CQD-based laser diodes.

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Fig. 1: Quantum dot lasing: from the theoretical concept to the practical demonstration.
Fig. 2: Principles of colloidal quantum dot lasing and manipulation of amplified spontaneous emission/lasing thresholds via shape control and heterostructuring.
Fig. 3: Auger recombination and colloidal quantum dot lasing.
Fig. 4: Auger decay engineering and sub-single-exciton lasing using charged colloidal quantum dots.
Fig. 5: Single-exciton gain using engineered exciton–exciton repulsion.
Fig. 6: Emerging colloidal lasing media.
Fig. 7: Principles of operation of a colloidal quantum dot light-emitting diode and an example of a current-focusing optical-gain device.
Fig. 8: A dual-function colloidal quantum dot light-emitting diode with an integrated distributed feedback cavity.

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Acknowledgements

Y.-S.P., J.R. and V.I.K. were supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program at Los Alamos National Laboratory under project 20200213DR. J.R. was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), the Korea government (MSIT), grant No. 2020R1C1C1013079. B.T.D. and R.D.S. were supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Nanoscale Materials, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility.

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  1. Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA

    Young-Shin Park, Jeongkyun Roh & Victor I. Klimov

  2. Centre for High Technology Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    Young-Shin Park

  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea

    Jeongkyun Roh

  4. Centre for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA

    Benjamin T. Diroll & Richard D. Schaller

  5. Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    Richard D. Schaller

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V.I.K. conceived the idea of the Review and developed its outline. All authors contributed to the writing and editing of the Review.

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Park, YS., Roh, J., Diroll, B.T. et al. Colloidal quantum dot lasers. Nat Rev Mater 6, 382–401 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00274-9

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