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Input-Output Budgets of Inorganic Nitrogen for 24 Forest Watersheds in the Northeastern United States: A Review

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Abstract

Input-output budgets for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) are summarized for 24 small watersheds at 15 locations in the northeasternUnited States. The study watersheds are completely forested, free of recent physical disturbances, and span a geographical region bounded by West Virginia on the south and west, and Maine on the north and east. Total N budgets are not presented; however, fluxes of inorganic N in precipitation and streamwater dominate inputs and outputs of N at these watersheds. The range in inputs of DIN in wet-only precipitation from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) sites was 2.7 to 8.1 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (mean = 6.4 kg N ha-1 yr-1; median = 7.0 kg N ha-1 yr-1). Outputs of DIN in streamwater ranged from 0.1 to 5.7 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (mean = 2.0 kg N ha-1 yr-1; median = 1.7 kg N ha-1 yr-1). Precipitation inputs of DIN exceeded outputs in streamwater at all watersheds, with net retention of DIN ranging from 1.2 to 7.3 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (mean = 4.4 kg N ha-1 yr-1; median = 4.6 kg N ha-1 yr-1). Outputs of DIN in streamwater were predominantly NO3-N (mean = 89%; median = 94%). Wet deposition of DIN was not significantly related to DIN outputs in streamwater for these watersheds. Watershed characteristics such as hydrology, vegetation type, and land-use history affect DIN losses and may mask any relationship between inputs and outputs. Consequently, these factors need to be included in the development of indices and simulation models for predicting 'nitrogen saturation' and other ecological processes.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Northeastern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NH, U.S.A.

    John L. Campbell, James W. Hornbeck, Mary Beth Adams & James N. Kochenderfer

  2. College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Faculty of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, U.S.A

    Myron J. Mitchell

  3. Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD, U.S.A

    Mark S. Castro

  4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, U.S.A

    Charles T. Driscoll

  5. Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Environmental and Watershed Research, University of Maine, Orono, ME, U.S.A

    Jeffrey S. Kahl

  6. Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, U.S.A

    Gene E. Likens

  7. School of Forest Resources, Pennsylvania State University, 311 Forest Resources Lab, University Park, PA, U.S.A

    James A. Lynch

  8. Water Resources Division, US Geological Survey, Troy, NY, U.S.A

    Peter S. Murdoch

  9. Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Environmental and Watershed Research, University of Maine, Orono, ME, U.S.A

    Sarah J. Nelson

  10. Water Resources Division, US Geological Survey, Montpelier, VT, U.S.A

    James B. Shanley

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  1. John L. Campbell
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  2. James W. Hornbeck
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  4. Mary Beth Adams
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  6. Charles T. Driscoll
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  7. Jeffrey S. Kahl
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  8. James N. Kochenderfer
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  9. Gene E. Likens
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  10. James A. Lynch
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  11. Peter S. Murdoch
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  12. Sarah J. Nelson
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  13. James B. Shanley
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Campbell, J.L., Hornbeck, J.W., Mitchell, M.J. et al. Input-Output Budgets of Inorganic Nitrogen for 24 Forest Watersheds in the Northeastern United States: A Review. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 151, 373–396 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000009908.94219.04

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