REFERENCES
S. S. Davis. Delivery systems for biopharmaceuticals. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 44 (suppl. 1):186–190 (1992).
G. W. Cleary. Transdermal delivery systems: A medical rationale. In V. P. Shah and H. I. Maibach (ed.), Topical Drug Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, and Penetration, Plenum Press, New York, 1993, 17–68.
R. H. Guy and J. Hadgraft (ed.). Transdermal Drug Delivery: Developmental Issues and Research Initiatives, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989.
V. P. Shah, T. M. Ludden, S. V. Dighe, J. P. Skelly, and R. L. Williams. Bioavailability and bioequivalence of transdermal drug delivery systems—Regulatory considerations. In V. P. Shah and H. I. Maibach (ed.), Topical Drug Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, and Penetration, Plenum Press, New York, 1993, 415–424.
G. L. Flynn. Physiocochemical determinants of skin absorption. In T. R. Gerrity and C. J. Henry (ed.), Principles of Route-to-Route Extrapolation for Risk Assessment, Elsevier, New York, 1990, 98–127.
R. O. Potts and M. L. Francoeur. Lipid biophysics of water loss through the skin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:3871–3873 (1990).
R. O. Potts and M. L. Francoeur. The influence of stratum corneum morphology on water permeability. J. Invest. Dermatol. 96:495–499 (1991).
P. M. Elias and G. K. Menon. Structural and lipid correlates of the epidermal permeability barrier. Advances in Lipid Research 24:1–26 (1991).
E. W. Smith and H. I. Maibach (ed.). Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1995.
K. A. Walters and J. Hadgraft (ed.). Pharmaceutical Skin Penetration Enhancement, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993.
A. Kock, T. Schwartz, R. Kirnbauer, A. Urbanski, P. Perry, J. C. Ansel, and T. Luger. Human keratinocytes are a source for tumour necrosis factor alpha: Evidence for synthesis and release upon stimulation with endotoxin or ultraviolet light. J. Exp. Med. 172:1609–1614 (1990).
B. J. Nickoloff and Y. Naidu. Perturbation of epidermal barrier function correlates with initiation of cytokine cascade in human skin. J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol. 30:535–546 (1994).
J.-C. Tsai, K. R. Feingold, D. Crumrine, L. C. Wood, C. Grunfeld, and P. M. Elias. Permeability barrier disruption alters the localization and expression of TNF-α protein in the epidermis. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 286:242–248 (1994).
G. Menon, K. R. Feingold, and P. M. Elias. Lamellar body secretory response to barrier disruption. J. Invest. Dermatol. 98:279–289 (1992).
L. C. Wood, P. M. Elias, C. Calhoun, J.-C. Tsai, C. Grunfeld, and K. R. Feingold. Barrier disruption stimulates interleukin-1a expression and release from a preformed pool in murine epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 106:397–403 (1996).
V. H. W. Mak. Presentation at “Cytokines in Dermatology” Symposium, San Francisco, CA, 1995.
J.-C. Tsai, R. H. Guy, C. R. Thornfeldt, K. R. Feingold, and P. M. Elias. Metabolic approaches to enhance transdermal drug delivery. I. Effect of lipid synthesis inhibitors. J. Pharm. Sci. in press: (1996).
S. M. Short, W. Rubas, B. D. Paasch, and R. J. Mrsny. Transport of biologically active interferon-gamma across human skin in vitro. Pharm. Res. 12:1140–1145 (1995).
S. M. Niemiec, C. Ramachandran, and N. Weiner. Influence of nonionic liposomal composition on topical delivery of peptide drugs into pilosebaceous units: an in vivo study using the hamster ear model. Pharm. Res. 12:1184–1188 (1995).
B. H. Sage. Iontophoresis. In E. W. Smith and H. I. Maibach (ed.), Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1995, 351–368.
Theme Issue: Iontophoresis. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 9:119–307 (1992).
B. H. Sage and J. E. Riviere. Model systems in iontophoresis—transport efficacy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 9:265–287 (1992).
P. W. Ledger. Skin biological issues in electrically enhanced transdermal delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 9:289–307 (1992).
B. H. Sage. Insulin iontophoresis. In L. M. Sanders and W. Hendron (ed.), Protein Delivery—Physical Systems, Plenum Press, New York, 1996, in press.
L. Langkjaer, J. Brange, G. M. Grodsky, and R. H. Guy. Transdermal delivery of monomeric insulin analogues by iontophoresis. Proceed. Int. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater. 21:172–173 (1994).
M. R. Prausnitz, V. G. Bose, R. Langer, and J. C. Weaver. Electroporation. In E. W. Smith and H. I. Maibach (ed.), Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1995, 393–405.
J. E. Riviere, N. A. Monteiro-Riviere, R. A. Rogers, D. Bommannan, J. A. Tamada, and R. O. Potts. Pulsatile transdermal delivery of LHRH using electroporation: drug delivery and skin toxicology. J. Control. Rel. 36:229–233 (1995).
J. Kost and R. Langer. Ultrasound-mediated drug delivery. In V. P. Shah and H. I. Maibach (ed.), Topical Drug Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, and Penetration, Plenum Press, New York, 1993, 91–104.
K. Tachibana. Transdermal delivery of insulin to alloxan-diabetic rabbits by ultrasound exposure. Pharm. Res. 9:952–954 (1992).
S. Mitragotri, D. Blankschtein, and R. Langer. Ultrasound-mediated transdermal protein delivery. Science 269:850–853 (1995).
R. H. Guy. A sweeter life for diabetics? Nature Med. 1:1132–1133 (1995).
G. Rao, P. Glikfeld, and R. H. Guy. Reverse iontophoresis: development of a noninvasive approach for glucose monitoring. Pharm. Res. 10:1751–1755 (1993).
G. Rao, R. H. Guy, P. Glikfeld, W. R. LaCourse, L. Leung, J. Tamada, R. O. Potts, and N. N. Azimi. Reverse iontophoresis: noninvasive glucose monitoring in vivo in humans. Pharm. Res. 12:1869–1873 (1995).
J. A. Tamada, N. J. V. Bohannon, and R. O. Potts. Measurement of glucose in diabetic subjects using noninvasive transdermal extraction. Nature Med. 1:1198–1201 (1995).
Punter. A person who lays bets on horses, Pocket Oxford Dictionary, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1969, 660.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guy, R.H. Current Status and Future Prospects of Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 13, 1765–1769 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016060403438
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016060403438