Abstract
The American minkNeovison vison has been introduced to Italy for fur farms in the 1950s. Since the 1970s, free-ranging individuals are present in north-eastern Italy, where an expanding population still occurs. In our work, we aimed at assessing the seasonal diet of invasive American mink introduced to northeastern Italy. Thus, a total of 195 mink scats (N = 73, June 2007; N = 57, September 2007; N = 65, February 2008) were collected. Scats were washed and food remains isolated and classified through comparison with reference collections and atlases. Absolute and relative frequencies, as well as the estimated volume of each prey category were computed. The endemic Italian water vole Arvicola italicus represented the staple of the diet of the American mink in June (relative frequency: 20.4%, total volume in diet: 38.1%) and September (relative frequency: 22.7%, total volume in diet: 52.0%). Other small mammals, amphibians (Rana spp. and Pelophylax spp.) and the invasive red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii were mostly consumed in cold months, when water voles are not available. Differently from other study areas, wading birds and fish were rarely consumed, possibly because of their low local availability, if compared with small mammals. No law currently protects the endemic water vole, which may be furtherly threatened by the potential range expansion of invasive minks. Therefore, eradication of this alien carnivore should be recommended before local population decline of water vole become irreversible, and before minks reach populations of native riverine mustelids, i.e. the western polecat and the Eurasian otter.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aars, J., Lambin, X., Denny, R., Griffin, A., 2001. Water vole in the Scottish uplands: distribution patterns of disturbed and pristine populations ahead and behind the American mink invasion front. Anim. Conserv., 4, 187–194.
Adamopoulou, C., Legakis, A., 2016. First account on the occurrence of selected invasive alien vertebrates in Greece. BioInv. Rec., 5, 189–196.
Amori, G., Battisti, C., De Felici, S., 2009. I Mammiferi della provincia di Roma. Dallo stato delle conoscenze alla gestione e conservazione delle specie. Assessorato alle Politiche dell’Agricoltura, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, e Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”. Ente Provincia di Roma (Edizioni), Roma, Italy.
Angelici, F.M., Luiselli, L., Rugiero, L., 2000. First note of dietary habits of American mink Mustela vison in Italy. Mammalia, 64, 253–257.
Aquiloni, L., Tricarico, E., Gherardi, F., 2010. Crayfish in Italy: distribution, threats and management. Int. Aquat. Res., 2, 1–14.
Baltrūnaitė, L., 2006. Diet and winter habitat use of the red fox, pine marten and raccoon dog in Dzūkija National Park, Lithuania. Acta Zool. Lithuania, 16, 46–53.
Barreto, G.R., Rushton, S.P., Strachan, R., Macdonald, D.W., 1998. The role of habitat and mink predation in determining the status and distribution of water voles in England. Anim. Conserv. Forum, 1, 129–137.
Bartolommei, P., Bonesi, L., Guj, I., Monaco, A., Mortelliti, A., 2013. First report on the distribution of the American mink Neovison vison (Mammalia: Mustelidae) in central Italy. Ital. J. Zool., 80, 455–461.
Bartoszewicz, M., Zalewski, A., 2003. American mink, Mustela vison diet and predation on waterfowl in the Slonsk Reserve, western Poland. Folia Zool., 52, 225–238.
Bertolino, S., Genovesi, P., 2007. Semiaquatic mammals introduced into Italy: case studies in biological invasion. In: Biological Invaders in Inland Waters: Profiles, Distribution, and Threats. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 175–191.
Bertolino, S., Colangelo, P., Mori, E., Capizzi, D., 2015. Good for management, not for conservation: an overview of research, conservation and management of Italian small mammals. Hystrix, 26, 25–35.
Blackburn, T.M., Essl, F., Evans, T., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Kühn, I., Kumschick, S., Markovà, Z., Mrugala, A., Nentwig, W., Pergl, J., Pysek, P., Rabitsch, W., Ricciardi, A., Richardson, D.M., Sendek, A., Vilà, M., Wilson, J.R.U., Winter, M., Genovesi, P., Bacher, S., 2014. A unified classification of alien species based on the magnitude of their environmental impacts. PLoS Biol. 12, e1001850.
Bleeker, W., Schmitz, U., Ristow, M., 2007. Interspecific hybridisation between alien and native plant species in Germany and its consequences for native biodiversity. Biol. Conserv., 137, 248–253.
Bocci, A., Lovari, S., Khan, M.Z., Mori, E., 2017. Sympatric snow leopard and Tibetan wolves: coexistence of large carnivores with human-driven potential competition. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 63, 92.
Bon, M., 2017. Nuovo Atlante dei Mammiferi del Veneto. WBA Monographs Editions, Verona, Italy.
Bonesi, L., Macdonald, D.W., 2004. Impact of released Eurasian otters on a population of American mink: a test using an experimental approach. Oikos, 106, 9–18.
Bonesi, L., Chanin, P., Macdonald, D.W., 2004. Competition between Eurasian otter Lutra lutra and American mink Mustela vison probed by niche shift. Oikos, 106, 19–26.
Bonesi, L., Palazon, S., 2007. The American mink in Europe: status, impacts, and control. Biol. Conserv., 134, 470–483.
Bonesi, L., Rushton, S.P., Macdonald, D.W., 2007. Trapping for mink control and water vole survival: identifying key criteria using a spatially explicit individual based model. Biol. Conserv., 136, 636–650.
Branquart, E., 2013. Risk Analysis of the American Mink Neovison vison (Schreber 1777). Risk Analysis Report of Non-Native Organisms in Belgium. Cellule interdépartementale sur les Espèces invasives (CiEi), DGO3, SPW / Editions, pp. 30.
Brzezinski, M., 2006. Food habits of the American mink Mustela vison in the Mazurian Lakeland, Northeasten Poland. Mamm. Biol., 73, 177–188.
Brzezinski, M., Jedlikowski, J., Komar, E., 2019. Space use, habitat selection and daily activity of water voles Arvicola amphibius co-occurring with the invasive American mink Neovison vison. Folia Zool., 68, 1–8.
Bueno, F., 1996. Competition between American mink Mustela vison and otter Lutra lutra during winter. Acta Theriol., 41, 149–152.
Capizzi, D., Mortelliti, A., Amori, G., Colangelo, P., Rondinini, C., 2012. Mammiferi del Lazio. Ecologia, distribuzione e conservazione. Agenzia Regionale dei Parchi - Regione Lazio (Edizioni), Roma, Italy.
Capizzi, D., Monaco, A., Genovesi, P., Scalera, R., Carnevali, L., 2018. Impact of alien mammals on human health. In: Mazza, G., Tricarico, E. (Eds.), Invasive Species and Human Health. CPI Group, Preston (UK), pp. 130–150, CABI Invasives Series 10.
Castiglia, R., Aloise, G., Amori, G., Annesi, F., Bertolino, S., Capizzi, D., Mori, E., Colangelo, P., 2016. The Italian peninsula hosts a divergent mtDNA lineage of the water vole, Arvicola amphibius s.l., including fossorial and aquatic ecotypes. Hystrix, 27, 99–103.
Chanin, P.R.F., Linn, I.J., 1979. Diet of feral mink (Mustela vison) in south-west Britain. J. Zool. (Lond.), 192, 205–223.
Ciampalini, B., Lovari, S., 1985. Food habits and trophic niche overlap of the badger (Meles meles L.) and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes L) in a Mediterranean costal area. Mamm. Biol., 50, 226–234.
Cohen, A.N., Carlton, J.T., 1998. Accelerating invasion rate in a highly invaded estuary. Science, 279, 555–558.
Dettori, E.E., Balestrieri, A., Ruiu, A., Capelli, E., Prigioni, C., Zapata-Perez, V.M., Bruno, C., Robledano-Aymerich, F., 2016. Recent spread of invasive American mink Neovison vison in Sardinia. In: Atti del III Congresso Nazionale Fauna Problematica (Cesena, 24–26 Novembre 2016)., pp. 88.
Doherty, T.S., Davis, R.A., van Etten, E.J., Algar, D., Collier, N., Dickman, CR., Edwards, G., Masters, P., Palmer, R., Robinson, S., 2015. A continental-scale analysis of feral cat diet in Australia. J. Biogeogr., 42, 964–975.
Duby, R.T., Travis, H.F., 1972. Photoperiodic control of furgrowth and reproduction in the mink (Mustela vison). J. Exp. Zool., 182, 217–225.
Ferreras, P., Macdonald, D.W., 1999. The impact of American mink Mustela vison on water birds in the upper Thames. J. Appl. Ecol., 36, 701–708.
Fasola, L., Chehèbar, C., Macdonald, D.W., Porro, G., Cassini, M.H., 2009. Do alien North American mink compete for resources with native South American river otter in Argentinean Patagonia? J. Zool. (Lond.), 277, 187–195.
Fasola, L., Muzio, J., Chehèbar, C., Cassini, M.H., Macdonald, D.W., 2010. Range expansion and prey use of American mink in Argentinean Patagonia: dilemmas for conservation. Eur.J. Wildl. Res., 57, 283–294.
Fischer, D., Pavluvcík, P., Sedlácek, F., Sálek, M., 2009. Predation of the alien American mink, Mustela vison on native crayfish in middle-sized streams in central and western Bohemia. Folia Zool., 58, 45–56.
Garcia-Serrano, H., Sans, F.X., Escarré, J., 2007. Interspecific competition between alien and native congeneric species. Acta Oecol., 31, 69–78.
Gerell, R., 1967. Food selection in relation to habitat in mink (Mustela vison Schreber) in Sweden. Oikos, 18, 233–246.
Gurnell, J., Wauters, LA., Lurz, P.W., Tosi, G., 2004. Alien species and interspecific competition: effects of introduced eastern grey squirrels on red squirrel population dynamics. J. Anim. Ecol., 73, 26–35.
Hammershøj, M., 2004. Population Ecology of Free-Ranging American Mink Mustela vison in Denmark. Ministry of the Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Harrington, LA., Harrington, A.L., Yamaguchi, N., Thom, M.D., Ferreras, P., Windham, T.R., Macdonald, D.W., 2009. The impact of native competitors on an alien invasive: temporal niche shifts to avoid interspecific aggression. Ecology, 90, 1207–1216.
Hass, C.C., 2009. Competition and coexistence in sympatric bobcats and pumas. J. Zool. (Lond.), 278, 174–180.
Hisano, M., Newman, C., Deguchi, S., Kaneko, Y., 2019. Thermal forest zone explains regional variations in the diet composition of the Japanese marten (Martes melampus). Mamm. Biol., 95, 173–180.
Ibarra, J.T., Fasola, L., Macdonald, D.W., Rozzi, R., Bonacic, C., 2008. Invasive American mink Mustela vison in wetlands of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, southern Chile: what are they eating? Oryx, 43, 87–90.
Iordan, F., Rushton, S.P., Macdonald, D.W., Bonesi, L., 2012. Predicting the spread of feral populations of the American mink in Italy: is it too late for eradication? Biol. Inv., 9, 1895–1908.
Iordan, F., Lapini, L., Pavanello, M., Polednik, P., Rieppi, C., 2016. Evidence for naturalization of the American mink (Neovison vison) in Friuli Venezia-Giulia, NE Italy. Mammalia, 81, 91–94.
Jefferies, D.J., Morris, P.A., Mulleneux, J.E., 1989. An enquiry intothe changing status of the water vole Arvicola terrestris in Britain. Mamm. Rev., 19, 111–131.
Johnson, P.T., Olden, J.D., Vander Zanden, M.J., 2008. Dam invaders: impoundments facilitate biological invasions into freshwaters. Front. Ecol. Environ., 6, 357–363.
Kauhala, K., Kowalczyk, R., 2011. Invasion of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Europe: history of colonization, features behind its success, and threats to native fauna. Curr. Zool., 57, 584–598.
Khan, U., Lovari, S., Ali Shah, S., Ferretti, F., 2018. Predator, prey and humans in a mountainous area: loss of biological diversity leads to trouble. Biodivers. Conserv., 27, 2795–2813.
Krawczyk, A.J., Bogdziewicz, M., Czyz, M.J., 2013. Diet of the American mink Neovison vison in an agricultural landscape in western Poland. Folia Zool., 62, 304–310.
Krebs, C.J., 1999. Ecological Methodology, second edition. Addison Wesley Longman, Menlo Park, California, USA.
Kruuk, H., 1989. The Social Badger: Ecology and Behaviour of Group Living Carnivore (Meles meles). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Lambin, X., Fazey, I., Sansom, J., Dallas, J., Stewart, W., Piertney, S., Palmer, S.C.F., Bacon, P.J., Webb, A., Available at: 1998. Aberdeenshire Water Vole Survey: The Distribution of Isolated Water Vole Populations in the Upper Catchments of the Rivers Dee and Don. Scottisch Natural Heritage https://doi.org/www.snh.gov.uk/ publications-data-and-research/publications/search-the-catalogue/ publication-detail/?id=1252.
Lapini, L., 1991. Il visone americano nel Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Fauna, 2, 44–49.
Lerone, L., 2013. Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) in Central Italy: Non-Invasive Methods to Assess Status and Conservation of a Threatened Population. Ph. D. Dissertation, Scuola Dottorale in Biologia, Sezione Biodiversità Ed Analisi Degli Ecosistemi, Ciclo XXV. Università degli Studi RomaTre, Roma, Italy.
Lode, T., 1993. Diet composition and habitat use of sympatric polecat and American mink in western France. Acta Theriol., 38, 161–163.
Long, J.L., 2003. Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
Macdonald, D.W., Sidorovich, V.E., Anisomova, E.I., Sidorovich, N.V., Johnson, P.J., 2002. The impact of American mink Mustela vison and European mink Mustela lutreola on water voles Arvicola terrestris in Belarus. Ecography, 25, 295–302.
MaCdonald, D.W., Harrington, LA., 2003. The American mink: the triumph and tragedy of adaptation out of context. N. Zeal. J., 30, 421–441.
Maran, T., Kruuk, H., Macdonald, D.W., Polma, M., 1998. Diet of two species of mink in Estonia: displacement of Mustela lutreola by M. vison. J. Zool. (Lond.), 245, 218–222.
Marassi, M., Biancardi, CM., 2002. Diet of the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) in an area of the Italian Prealps. Hystrix, 13, 19–28.
Mazza, G., Tricarico, E., Genovesi, P., Gherardi, F., 2014. Biological invaders are threats to human health: an overview. Ethol. Ecol. Evol., 26, 112–129.
Mazza, G., Tricarico, E., 2018. Invasive species and human health. In: CABI Invasives Series 10. CPI Group, Preston (UK).
Melero, Y., Palazòn, S., Bonesi, L., Gonzàlez, J., 2009. Feeding habits of three sympatric mammals in NE Spain: the American mink, the spotted genet, and the Eurasian otter. Acta Theriol., 53, 263–273.
Melero, Y., Plaza, M., Santulli, G., Saavedra, D., Gosalbez, J., Ruiz-Olmo, J., Palazón, S., 2012. Evaluating the effect of American mink, an alien invasive species, on the abundance of a native community: is coexistence possible? Biodivers. Conserv., 21, 1795–1809.
Melero, Y., Palazón, S., Lambin, X., 2014. Invasive crayfish reduce food limitation of alien American mink and increase their resilience to control. Oecology, 174, 427–434.
Moore, N.P., Roy, S.S., Helyar, A., 2003. Mink (Mustela vison) eradication to protect ground-nesting birds in the Western Isles, Scotland, United Kingdom. N. Z. J. Zool., 30, 443–452.
Mori, E., Amerini, R., Mazza, G., Bertolino, S., Battiston, R., Sforzi, A., Menchetti, M., 2016. Alien shades of grey: new occurrences and relevant spread of Sciurus carolinensis in Italy. Eur.J. Ecol., 2, 13–20.
Mori, E., Bozzi, R., Laurenzi, A., 2017. Feeding habits of the crested porcupine Hystrix cristata L. 1758 (Mammalia, Rodentia) in a Mediterranean area of Central Italy. Eur. Zool. J., 84, 261–265.
Muñoz-Fuentes, V., Vilà, C., Green, A.J., Negro, J.J., Sorenson, A.D., 2007. Hybridization between white-headed ducks and introduced ruddy ducks in Spain. Mol. Ecol., 16, 629–638.
Nordström, M., Laine, J., Ahola, M., Korpimäki, E., 2004. Reduced nest defence intensity and improved breeding success in terns as responses to removal of non-native American mink. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 55, 454–460.
Paglianti, A., Gherardi, F., 2004. Combined effects of temperature and diet on growth and survival of young-of-year crayfish: a comparison between indigenous and invasive species. J. Crust. Biol., 24, 140–148.
Pejchar, L., Mooney, H.A., 2009. Invasive species, ecosystem services and human well-being. Trends Ecol. Evol., 24, 497–504.
Põdra, M., Gómez, A., 2018. Rapid expansion of the American mink poses a serious threat to the European mink in Spain. Mammalia, 82, 580–588.
Previtali, A., Cassini, M.H., Macdonald, D.W., 1998. Habitat use and diet of the American mink (Mustela vison) in Argentinean Patagonia. J. Zool. (Lond.), 246, 482–486.
Roy, S., Reid, N., McDonald, R.A., 2009. A Review of Mink Predation and Control in Ireland. Irish Wildlife Manuals 40. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland.
Rushton, S.P., Barreto, G.W., Cormack, R.M., Macdonald, D.W., Fuller, R., 2000. Modelling the effects of mink and habitat fragmentation on the water vole. J. Appl. Ecol., 37, 475–490.
Scaravelli, D., 1998. Popolazione rinselvatichita di Mustela vison Schreber, 1777 nella provincia di Forlì-Cesena (Italia Settentrionale). Quad. Studi Not. Sto. Nat. Romagna, 9, 59–63.
Schüttler, E., Càrcamo, J., Rozzi, R., 2008. Diet of the American mink Mustela vison and its potential impact on the native fauna of Navarino Island, Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 81, 585–598.
Shimatani, Y., Fukue, Y., Kishimoto, R., Masuda, R., 2010. Genetic variation and population structure of the feral American mink (Neovison vison) in Nagano, Japan, revealed by microsatellite analysis. Mamm. Study, 35, 1–8.
Sogliani, D., Mori, E., 2019. “The Fox and the Cat”: sometimes they do not agree. Mamm. Biol., 95, 150–154.
Strachan, C., Jefferies, D.J., 1996. An assessment of the diet of the feral American mink Mustela vison from scats collected in areas where water voles Arvicola terrestris occur. Am. Nat., 121, 73–81.
Strayer, D.L., 2010. Alien species in fresh waters: ecological effects, interactions with other stressors, and prospects forthe future. Freshw. Biol., 55, 152–174.
Teerink, B.J., 1991. Hair of West-European Mammals. Cambridge University Press Editions, Cambridge, UK.
Turbè, A., Strubbe, D., Mori, E., Carrete, M., Chiron, F., Clergeau, P., Gonzalez-Moreno, P., Le Louarn, M., Luna, A., Menchetti, M., Nentwig, W., Parau, L.G., Postigo, J.L., Rabitsch, W., Senar, J.C., Tollington, S., Vanderhoeven, S., Weiserbs, A., Shwartz, A., 2017. Assessing the assessments: evaluation of four impact assessment protocols for invasive alien species. Divers. Distrib., 23, 297–307.
Valenzuela, A.E., Rey, A.R., Fasola, L., Samaniego, R.A.S., Schiavini, A., 2013. Trophic ecology of a top predator colonizing the southern extreme of South America: feeding habits of invasive American mink (Neovison vison) in Tierradel Fuego. Mamm. Biol., 78, 104–110.
Vannini, A., Bruni, G., Ricciardi, G., Platania, L., Mori, E., Tricarico, E., 2018. Gambusia holbrooki the “tadpolefish”: the impact of its predatory behaviour on four protected species of European amphibians. Aquat. Conserv., 28, 476–484.
Vitousek, P.M., D’Antonio, CM., Loope, L.L., Rejmanek, M., Westbrooks, R., 1997. Introduced species: a significant component of human-caused global change. N. Z.J. Ecol., 1, 1–16.
Woodroffe, G.L., Lawton, J.H., Davidson, W.L., 1990. The impact of feral mink Mustela vison on water voles Arvicola terrestris in the North Yorkshire Moors National Park. Biol. Conserv., 51, 49–62.
Zschille, J., Stier, N., Roth, M., Mayer, R., 2014. Feeding habits of invasive American mink (Neovison vison) in northern Germany - potential implications for fishery and waterfowls. Acta Theriol., 59, 25–34.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mori, E., Mazza, G. Diet of a semiaquatic invasive mammal in northern Italy: Could it be an alarming threat to the endemic water vole?. Mamm Biol 97, 88–94 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2019.05.003
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2019.05.003