Abstract
Sapium belongs to Euphorbiaceae family and comprises 23 species. Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong is popularly known in Brazil as “pau-leiteiro” and “leitosinha” and it is used in traditional medicine to cicatrisation. Its leaf extracts have shown analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. The preliminary set of pharmacognostic tools used for quality assessment of medicinal plant parts is macro-and micro-anatomy and S. glandulosum has not anatomical and histochemical description. Thus the aim of this study was to investigate the anatomical and histochemical characteristics of the leaf and stem of S. glandulosum as a means of providing information for quality assessment of herbal industry. The leaves and stems were investigated by employing field emission scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and histochemistry techniques. The analysis showed that S. glandulosum had the following anatomical features: dorsiventral and amphistomatic leaves; paracytic stomata; tabular crystal druses; non-articulated and branched laticifers; midrib’s biconvex shape with vascular systems in open arc with invaginated ends; petiole with a round shape and slight concavity on the adaxial side; six collateral vascular bundles in U-shaped organisation; a circular stem shape and a sclerenchymatous ring. In the histochemical tests lipophilic components were found in cuticle and in the latex; phenolic compounds were met in the mesophyll and in the latex; starch grains were found in the parenchymatous sheath; lignified elements were met in the sclerenchymatous ring in the cortex and in the perivascular sclerenchymatous caps, beyond in the vessel elements. These features are helpful when conducting a quality control process.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Agra, M.F., Silva, K.N., Basílio, I.J.L.D., de Freitas, P.F., Barbosa-Filho, J.M., 2008. Survey of medicinal plants used inthe region Northeast of Brazil. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 18, 472–508.
Al Muqarrabun, L.M.R., Ahmat, N., Aris, S.R.S., 2014. A review of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacologyofthegenus Sapium. J. Ethnopharmacol. 155, 9–20.
Almeida, V.P., Hirt, A.A., Raeski, P.A., Mika, B.E., Justus, B., dos Santos, V.L.P., Franco, C.R.C., de Paula, J.P., Farago, P.V., Budel, J.M., 2017. Comparative morphoanatom-ical analysis of Mikania species. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 27, 9–19.
Barthlott, W., Neinhuis, C., Cutler, D., Ditsch, F., Meusel, I., Theisen, I., Wilhelmi, H., 1998. Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 126, 227–236.
Berlyn, G.P., Miksche, J.P., 1976. Botanical Microtechnique and Cytochemistry. Iowa State University, Ames.
Biscaro, F., Parisotto, E.B., Zanette, V.C., Gúnther, T.M.F., Ferreira, E.A., Gris, E.F., Correia, J.F.G., Pich, C.T., Mattivi, F., Wilhelm Filho, D., Pedrosa, R.C., 2013. Anticancer activity of flavonol and flavan-3-ol rich extracts from Croton celtidifolius latex. Pharm. Biol. 51, 737–743.
Bobek, V.B., Heiden, G., Oliveira, C.F., Almeida, V.P., de Paula, J.P., Farago, P.V., Nakashima, T., Budel, J.M., 2016. Comparative analytical micrographs of vas-souras (Baccharis, Asteraceae). Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 26, 665–672.
Borio, E.B.L., 1959. Lobelia langeana Dusén. Contribuição para o estudo farmacognós-tico. da Faculdade de FarmáciadaUniversidade do Paraná, Brasil, 86 pp. Tese para concurso à docência livre da cadeira de farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Paraná.
Costa, L.L.G., David, V.C., Pinto, R.M.C., Minozzo, B.R., Kozlowski Jr., V.A., Campos, L.A., Silva, R.Z., Beltrame, F.L., 2012. Anti-ulcer activity of Synadenium grantii latex. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 22, 1070–1078.
da Silva, C.H.T.P., Sobrinho, T.J.S.P., Saraiva, A.M., Pisciottano, M.N.C., de Amorim, E.L.C., 2012. Phytochemical profile and antibacterial activity of bark and leaves ofCaesalpiniapyramidalis Tul. and Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong. J. Med. Plants Res. 6, 4766–4771.
da Silva, C.H.T.P., Sobrinho, T.J.S.P., e Castro, V.T.N.A., Lima, D.C.A., de Amorim, E.L.C., 2011. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. And Sapium glandulosum (L) Morong from Northeastern Brazil. Molecules 16, 4728–4739.
Demarco, D., Castro, M.M., Ascensao, L., 2013. Two laticifer systems in Sapium haematospennum - new records for Euphorbiaceae. Botany 91, 545–554.
Demarco, D., Kinoshita, L.S., Castro, M.M., 2006. Laticiferos articulados anastomosa-dos: novos registros para Apocynaceae. Rev. Bras. Bot. 29, 133–144.
Ferreira, B.G.A., Zuffellato-Ribas, K.C., Carpanezzi, A.A., Tavares, F.R., Koehler, H.S., 2009. Metodologias de aplicação de AIB no enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de Sapium glandulatum (Veil.) Pax. Rev. Bras. Plantas Med. 11, 196–201.
Folquitto, D.G., Budel, J.M., Pereira, C.B., Brojan, L.E.F., Folquitto, G.G., Miguel, M.D., Silva, R.Z., Miguel, O.G., 2014. Analytical micrography and preliminary phytochemistry of the leaves and stems of Lobelia exaltata Pohl. (Campanulaceae). Lat. Am. J. Pharm. 33, 245–250.
Foster, A.S., 1949. Practical Plant Anatomy, 2nd ed. D. Van Nostrand, Princeton.
Franceschi, V.R., Nakata, P.A., 2005. Calcium oxalate in plants: formation and function. Anna Rev. Plant Biol. 56, 41–71.
Fuchs, C.H., 1963. Fuchsin staining with NaOH clearing for lignifled elements of whole plants or plants organs. Stain Technol. 38, 141–144.
Gales, R.C., Toma, C., 2007. Researches regarding the morphology, structure and distribution of vegetative organs of some Euphorbia species from Romania’s flora. Biol. Veg. 1, 40–45.
Gaucher, L., 1902. Recherches anatomiques sur les Euphorbiacées. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 15, 161–309.
Hagel, J.M., Yeung, E.C., Facchini, P.J., 2008. Got milk? The secret life of laticifers. Trends Plant Sci. 13, 631–639.
Hajdu, Z., Hohmann, J., 2012. An ethnopharmacological survey of the traditional medicine utilized in the community of Porvenir, Bajo Paragua Indian Reservation, Bolivia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 139, 838–857.
He, H., Bleby, T.M., Veneklaas, E.J., Lambers, H., Kuo, J., 2012. Morphologies and elemental compositions of calcium crystals in phyllodes and branchlets of Acacia robeorum (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Ann. Bot. 109, 887–896.
Johansen, D.A., 1940. Plant Microtechnique. McGraw Hill Book, New York.
Konno, It, 2011. Plant latex and other exudates as plant defense systems: roles of various defense chemicals and proteins contained therein. Phytochemistry 72, 1510–1530.
Lattanzio, V., Lattanzio, V.M.T., Cardinali, A., 2006. Role of phenolics in the resistance mechanisms of plants against fungal pathogens and insects. In: Imperato, F. (org), Phytochemistry: Advances in Research. Research Signposts, Trivandrum, pp. 23–67.
Luz, L.E.C., Paludo, K.S., Santos, V.L.P., Franco, C.R.C., Klein, T., Silva, R.Z., Beltrame, F.L., Budel, J.M., 2015. Cytotoxicity of latex and pharmacobotanical study of leaves and stem of Euphorbia umbeiiata (Janaúba). Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 25, 344–352.
Meric, C., 2009. Calcium oxalate crystals in some species of the tribe Inuleae (Asteraceae). Acta Biol. Crac. Ser. Bot. 51, 105–110.
Metcalfe, C.R., Chalk, L., 1950. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Nakata, P.A., 2003. Advances in our understanding of calcium oxalate crystal formation and function in plants. Plant Sci. 164, 901–909.
O’Brien, T.P., Feder, N., McCully, M.E., 1964. Polychromatic staining of plant cell walls by toluidine blue O. Protoplasma 59, 368–373.
Oliveira, F., Akisue, G., Akisue, M.K., 2005. Farmacognosia. Atheneu, Sao Paulo.
Pompert, M.G., 1989. Estudio morfo-anatomico de dos especies de Sapium (Euphorbiaceae). Bonplandia 6, 197–210.
Pscheidt, A.C., Cordeiro, I., 2012. Sinopse da tribo Hippomaneae (Euphorbiaceae) no Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Hoehnea 39, 347–368.
Reeve, R.M., 1951. Histochemical tests for polyphenols in plant tissues. StainTechnol. 26, 91–96.
Riederer, M., Schreiber, L., 2001. Protecting against water loss: analysis of the barrier properties of plant cuticles. J. Exp. Bot. 52, 2023–2032.
Roeser, K.R., 1972. Die Nadel der Schwarzkiefer-Massenprodukt und Kunstwerk der Natur. Mikrokosmos 61, 33–36.
Rudall, P.J., 1987. Laticifers in Euphorbiaceaea conspectus. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 94, 143–163.
Sass, J.E., 1951. Botanical Microtechnique, 2nd ed. Iowa State College, Ames.
Satiro, L.N., Roque, N., 2008. A familia Euphorbiaceae nas caatingas arenosas do médio rio São Francisco, BA, Brasil. Acta Bot. Bras. 22, 99–118.
Secco, R.S., Cordeiro, I., Senna-Vale, L., Sales, M.F., Lima, L.R., Medeiros, D., Haiad, B.S., Oliveira, A.S., Caruzo, M.B.R., Carneiro Torres, D., Bigio, N.C., 2012. An overview of recent taxonomie studies on Euphorbiaceae s.l. in Brazil. Rodriguésia 63, 227–242.
Silva, R.J.F., de Aguiar-Dias, A.C.A., de Mendonça, M.S., 2014. Rosetas e concrescências cristalinas siliciflcadas em Piper (Piperaceae): registros inéditos de macropadröes. Acta Amazon. 44, 435–446.
Sobottka, A.M., Tonial, F., Sytwala, S., Melzig, M., 2014. Proteinase activity in latex of three plants of the family Euphorbiaceae. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 50, 559–565.
Swiech, J.N.D., Bobek, V.B., Folquitto, D.G., Silva, R.Z., Budel, J.M., Farago, P.V., Miguel, M.D., Miguel, O.G., 2016. Morpho-anatomy of the vegetative organs of Philodendron meridionale (Araceae). Lat. Am. J. Pharm. 35, 2142–2148.
The Plant List, 2015. Sapium, http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Euphorbiaceae/Sapium/ (accessed October 2015).
Upton, R., Graff, A., Jolliffe, G., Länger, R., Williamson, E., 2011. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia: Botanical Pharmacognosy - Microscopic Characterization of Botanical Medicines. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Valle, L.S., Kaplan, M.A.C., 2000. Sapium glandulatum complex (Euphorbiaceae). An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 72, 293–294.
Weiner, S., Dove, P.M., 2003. An overview of biomineralization processes and the problem of the vital effect. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 54, 1–29.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Authors’ contributions
EAA, DGF, LECL and KSP assisted in carrying out the laboratory work. EAA contributed in collecting the plant material and its identification. PVF performed the scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis. JMB created the project, supervised the laboratory work, and wrote the paper. All the authors have read the final manuscript and approved the submission.
Rights and permissions
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
de Andrade, E.A., Folquitto, D.G., Luz, L.E.C. et al. Anatomy and histochemistry of leaves and stems of Sapium glandulosum. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 27, 282–289 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2017.01.001
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2017.01.001