Abstract
This work describes the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities in vitro of organic extracts from fourteen seaweeds, eleven sponges, two ascidians, one bryozoan, and one sea anemone species collected along the Brazilian and Spanish coast, as well as the isolation of the diterpene (4R, 9S, 14S)-4α-acetoxy-9β, 14α-dihydroxydolast-1(15),7-diene (1) and halogenated sesquiterpene elatol (2). The most promising antimicrobial results for cell wall bacteria were obtained by extracts from seaweeds Laurencia dendroidea and Sargassum vulgare var. nanun (MIC 250 μg/ml), and by the bryozoan Bugula neritina (MIC 62.5 μg/ml), both against Staphylococcus aureus. As for antimollicutes, extracts from seaweeds showed results better than the extracts from invertebrates. Almost all seaweeds assayed (92%) exhibited some antimicrobial activity against mollicutes strains (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma capricolum and Mycoplasma pneumoniae strain FH). From these seaweeds, A1 (Canistrocarpus cervicornis), A11 (Gracilaria sp.) and A4 (Lobophora variegata) showed the best results for M. pneumoniae strain FH (MIC 250 μg/ml). Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 were also assayed against mollicutes strains M. hominis, M. genitalium, M. capricolum, M. pneumoniae strain 129 and M. pneumoniae strain FH, which showed MIC > 100 μg/ml. Antioxidant activities of extracts from these marine organisms were inactive, except for E7 (from sponge Ircinia sp.), which exhibited moderated antioxidant activities for two methods assayed (IC50 83.0 ± 0.1 μg/ml, and 52.0 ± 0.8mg AA/g, respectively). Finally, for the anticholinesterase activity, all the 29 samples evaluated (100%) exhibited some level of activity, with IC50<1000(μ/ml. From these, seaweeds extracts were considered more promising than marine invertebrate extracts [A10 (IC50 14.4±0.1 μg/ml), A16 (IC50 16.4±0.4 μg/ml) and A8 (IC50 14.9 ± 0.5 μg/ml)]. The findings of this work are useful for further research aiming at isolation and characterization of active compounds.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by CNPq, CAPES and INCT-Catálise; E.M.B. express thanks for CAPES for providing his postdoc fellowship (PNPD 2014-2015), and SINETEC/FURB for lab supporting; J.L.K. express thanks to Mauro Scharf (Chemistry Department/FURB), for research undergraduate fellowship opportunity. The authors are grateful to Thiago N. V. Reis (Oceanography Department/UFPE) for collection and identification of seaweed materials, and to Adriana Vilamor, Oriol Sacristan and Javier Cristobo (Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón/ Instituto Español de Oceanografía), for collection and identification of Spanish sponge materials. Collection authorization was provided from Federal Environment Agency — IBAMA/MMA (Ref. No.: 02001.002975/2006-91). Also it is acknowledged the English language revision by MSc Marina Beatriz Borgmann da Cunha (English Department/FURB Idiomas).
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EMB performed the isolation and structural elucidation of the compounds 1 and 2, supervised the work, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript; JLK contributed in collecting of materials and performed the chemical extractions; KNK contributed in collecting and identification of materials (tunicates, bryozoan and sea anemone); SMR collected and identified the sponge material; CJP and AT performed the antimicrobial assays; AK and LS performed the antimollicutes assays; AMB performed the antioxidants assays; PLZ performed the anti-acetylcholinesterase assays; CMMC and MDA provided laboratory infrastructure and facilities for bioassays and contributed to the biological studies; RAR obtained financial support, provided laboratory infrastructure and facilities for chemical experiments, and also contributed to critical reading of the manuscript. All the authors have read the final manuscript and approved its submission.
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Bianco, É.M., Krug, J.L., Zimath, P.L. et al. Antimicrobial (including antimollicutes), antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Brazilian and Spanish marine organisms - evaluation of extracts and pure compounds. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 25, 668–676 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.018