Abstract
Nutritional properties of Diplotaxis simplex Spreng., Brassicaceae, an edible wild cruciferous largely distributed in North Africa, were investigated. Potassium (3690–3780 mg/100 g) and calcium (900–1170 mg/100 g) were the most concentrated minerals. Linoleinic acid was found to be the main fatty acid (25.4–27.7%), followed by palmitic acid (13.2–15.3%). Moreover, lipidic fraction of leaves was characterized by a relatively high rate of ethyl linoleate (14.4%) and phytol (17.6%). Ethyl acetate extract of D. simplex flowers showed concentration-dependent α-amylase (IC50 3.46 mg/ml) and α-glucosidase (IC50 0.046 mg/ml) inhibitory activities. The positive in vitro enzymes inhibition was confirmed by a maltose tolerance test, which showed that treatment with flowers extract significantly inhibited the rise in blood glucose levels of maltose-loaded mice comparable to the standard antihyperglycemic agent acarbose. From these results, it may be concluded that D. simplex flowers can be used effectively as a safer alternative therapy to control postprandial hyperglycemia.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Adams, R.P., 2007. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, 4th ed. Allured Publ. Corp., Carol Stream, IL.
Aletor, O., Oshodi, A.A., Ipinmoroti, K., 2002. Chemical composition of common leafy vegetables and functional properties of their leaf protein concentrates. Food Chem. 78, 63–68.
Andrade-Cetto, A., Wiedenfeld, H., 2011. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Opuntia streptacantha Lem. J. Ethnopharmacol. 133, 940–943.
AOAC, 1995. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC, Washington, DC, pp. 87–90.
Bansal, P., Paul, P., Mudgal, J., Nayak, P.G., Pannakal, S.T., Priyadarsini, K.I., Unnikrishnan, M.K., 2012. Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of the flavonoid rich fraction of Pilea microphylla (L.) in high fat diet/streptozotocininduced diabetes in mice. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 64, 651–658.
Bischoff, H., 1994. Pharmacology of alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 24, 3–10.
Chaieb, M., Boukhris, M., 1998. Flore succinte et illustrée des zones arides et sahariennes de Tunisie. Association de la Protection de la Nature et de l’Environnement, l’Or du Temps, Sfax, Tunisia, pp. 76.
Deguchi, Y., Osada, K., Watanuki, M., 2003. Effect of Guava leaf extract in combination with acarbose or voglibose on increased blood glucose level in sugar-loaded normal mice. J. Jpn. Soc. Nutr. Food Sci. 56, 207–212.
Falleh, H., Msilini, N., Oueslati, S., Ksouri, R., Magne, C., Lachaal, M., Karray-Bouraoui, N., 2013. Diplotaxis harra and Diplotaxis simplex organs: assessment of phenolics and biological activities before and after fractionation. Ind. Crops Prod. 45, 141–147.
Guarrera, P.M., 2003. Food medicine and minor nourishment in the folk traditions of Central Italy (Marche, Abruzzo and Latium). Fitoterapia 74, 515–544.
Guil, J.L., Giménez, J.J., Torija, M.E., 1998. Mineral nutrient composition of edible wild plants. J. Food Compos. Anal. 11, 322–328. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, 1999. Guideline of Selected Techniques for Rat and Mouse Blood Collection. I.A.C.U.C., USA, pp. 6.
Kovàts, E., 1958. Characterization of organic compounds by gas chromatography. Part 1. Retention indices of aliphatic halides, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones. Helv. Chim. Acta 41, 1915–1932.
Lopez-Candales, A., 2001. Metabolic syndrome X: a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology and recommended therapy. J. Med. 32, 283–300.
Manickam, M., Ramanathan, M., Farboodniay, M.A.J., Chansouria, J.P.N., Ray, A.B., 1997. Antihyperglycemic activity of phenolics from Pterocarpus marsupium. J. Nat. Prod. 60, 609–610.
Matsui, T., Ueda, T., Oki, T., Sugita, K., Terahara, N., Matsumoto, K., 2001. Alphaglucosidase inhibitory action of natural acylated anthocyanins. 1. Survey of natural pigments with potent inhibitory activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 1948–1951.
Mohammed, M.M.D., El-Sharkawy, R.E., Matloub, A.A., 2013. Cytotoxic flavonoids from Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss. growing in Sinai. J. Med. Plants Res. 7, 19–23.
Rao, A.P., Jamil, K., 2011. Pharmacological evaluation of herbal extracts for their in vitro hypoglycemic activity. Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 2, 15–21.
Ross, S.A., Gulve, E.A., Wang, M., 2004. Chemistry and biochemistry of type 2 diabetes. Chem. Rev. 104, 1255–1282.
Santos, C.C.M.P., Salvadori, M.S., Mota, V.G., Costa, L.M., Almeida, A.A.C., Oliveira, G.A.L., Costa, J.P., Sousa, D.P., Freitas, R.M., Almeida, R.N., 2013. Antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of phytol in vivo and in vitro models. Neurosci. J., http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/949452 (Article ID 949452).
Singab, A.N., Youssef, F.S., Ashour, M.L., 2014. Medicinal plants with potential antidiabetic activity and their assessment. Med. Aromat. Plants 3, http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167–0412.1000151.
Zouari, N., Elgharbi, F., Fakhfakh, N., Ben Bacha, A., Gargouri, Y., Miled, N., 2010. Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on lipid and colour stability of chicken thigh meat. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9, 2276–2283.
Zouari, N., Fakhfakh, N., Zouari, S., Sellami, M., Abid, M., Ayadi, M.A., Zaidi, S., Neffati, M., 2011. Volatile and lipid analyses by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and nutraceutical potential of edible wild Malva aegyptiaca L. (Malvaceae). Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 62, 600–608.
Acknowledgements
This work is part of a doctoral thesis by Hamida Jdir. This work received financial support from Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Tunisia. Special thanks go to Miss Amina Gammoudi (ISBAM) for her kind help with English.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
HJ (PhD student) contributed in collecting the plant samples, to the chemical and biochemical analyses. BK and MC (PhD student) contributed to the Biochemical assays and to the postprandial hyperglycemia tests. SZ carried out analysis of lipid compounds. YBA contributed in critically revising the manuscript. NZ (thesis supervisor of HJ) participated in the study design and performed the redaction of the manuscript. All Authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Rights and permissions
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Jdir, H., Khemakham, B., Chakroun, M. et al. Diplotaxis simplex suppresses postprandial hyperglycemia in mice by inhibiting key-enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 25, 152–157 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.02.004
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.02.004