Abstract
Creative cities are known as places for innovation and the growth of creativity, and in fact, the creative city is a favourable environment for training human creativity and attracting the creative class, providing an appropriate foundation for educating its residents' creativity. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which Tehran's neighbourhoods have the characteristics of a creative city. The descriptive-analytical research method was used for this purpose. Documents are used to collect data in four dimensions: quality of life, human capital, social capital, and innovation. The statistical population of the study was the 22 districts of Tehran, and the research indicators included 28 indicators of the creative city in the form of 7 general dimensions. The data analysis method used was quantitative–qualitative. Using the multi-indicator ELECTRE-II method for ranking areas based on creative city indicators, districts 1 and 6 in Tehran are ranked first, and districts 17, 16, 10, and 9 are ranked last in terms of creativity. Finally, Tehran has the potential to become a creative city, but this requires the removal of existing flaws and obstacles, as well as well-codified and legal planning.
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
Fostering knowledge, creativity, and innovation is essential for sustainable urban development globally. By allocating more resources, embracing cultural diversity, and encouraging entrepreneurship, cities can excel in the knowledge-based economy of the twenty-first century. Collaboration among universities, industries, and communities is crucial for driving progress and shaping a more sustainable and inclusive future for all (Jafari et al. 2021; Donegan et al. 2008). Urban creativity and innovation have long been recognized as pivotal elements in urban and regional development. The roots of these efforts can be traced back to the works of Alfred Marshall in the 1920s, Robert Park, and Jane Jacobs (Zhang et al. 2023). However, early attempts to define and grasp urban creativity were limited in scope, focusing mainly on one aspect of urban planning and related matters (Florida 2003). These initial approaches often neglected the broader urban context and were predominantly driven by sociologists, economists, and urban scholars (Homan et al. 2024; Gold and Gold, 2024). By the mid-1940s, urban growth had transcended simple social, economic, and design or planning considerations (Cordero Ampuero et al. 2024). Cities started experiencing rapid expansion and urban sprawl, leading to the dilution of distinctive features in favor of new suburban developments that could endanger the ecosystem's foundations (Swain et al. 2017; Ghalehteimouri et al. 2024a, b; MacAfee and Löhr 2024; Ghalehteimouri et al. 2024a, b). City administrators responded by implementing land use plans, zoning regulations, and repurposing vacant land in city centers. While these measures aimed to tackle urban challenges, they often resulted in increased complexity, density, and vertical growth, particularly in urban cores, undermining the sense of place and identity in these areas (Talkhabi et al. 2024; Permanasari et al. 2024; Sithole et al. 2024).
While this trend will lead to the growth of science, technology, and innovation centers and the cultivation of creative human capital, if it continues to be based on conventional theoretical principles, it may have adverse effects such as rising unemployment rates, escalating spatial inequality in the city, and urban deterioration. This could exacerbate the disparity between various social groups in terms of social and economic progress (Mousavi 2014; Ghalehteimouri et al. 2021). Given the significant changes occurring in urban environments, the promotion and establishment of creative cities require the creativity of authorities, business owners, and residents as a crucial factor and fundamental solution to many urban challenges (Ahmadi et al., 2022; Kozina et al. 2021; Borén and Young 2021). The underlying principle of the creative city concept is that it has the potential to unlock more opportunities than a location currently possesses or can envision (Redaelli 2011). Originating in the 1980s, the concept of a "creative city" aimed to rejuvenate cities on a global scale (Ratiu 2013). As the concept of the creative city has gained traction among experts, researchers, and policymakers in recent years, leading cities have adopted creative city policies, with academic and political studies focusing on major cities and metropolises capable of meeting diverse demands from people and activities (Rafieeyan and Shabani 2015). A creative city is a center where artistic creativity, scientific and technological innovations, and vibrant cultural expressions can thrive. It is a city that maximizes its creative potential and serves as a model for cultural and developmental initiatives.
Through strong cultural and intercultural learning, the creative city promotes personal growth. Individuals in this city are confident in their scientific, technological, artistic, or cultural skills. Given the significant transformations occurring in the urban landscape, the creativity of city officials, business owners, and residents plays a crucial role in addressing various urban challenges. This approach also emphasizes how citizens engage creatively in addressing city-related issues (Nederhand et al. 2024; Shamaei and Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri 2024). A key characteristic of a creative city is its attractiveness as a place to live and work for its inhabitants, especially the younger generation, as well as its appeal to tourists and its ability to thrive across diverse economic sectors, leveraging technology and effective management. Additionally, it serves as a hub for emerging enterprises, particularly in high-tech fields, such as clusters and research centers (Ghalehteimouri et al., 2021; Gholami et al. 2022; Mousavi et al. 2023). According to research, the talents, aspirations, motivations, dreams, and creativity of citizens are gradually overshadowing traditional city advantages like location, natural resources, and market proximity. The creativity of city dwellers and leaders is essential for ensuring the city's future success. As cities expand and become more complex, urban management faces challenges, turning cities into testing grounds for a wide array of technological, conceptual, and social solutions to growth issues (Azimi and Rezaiee 2021; Frantzeskaki et al. 2024).
This study is divided into several key sections. The introduction provides an overview of the study, while the theoretical foundations section explains the concepts of creativity. The research methodology and study area section details how the ELECTRE-II method was applied to assess creativity in Tehran. The results and discussion section presents the findings of the study, and the conclusion and recommendations section offer insights and suggestions. Tehran is a vital city in Iran, serving as its administrative, commercial, and cultural center (Talkhabi et al. 2022). The city's diverse population, influenced by various cultures and ethnicities, has led to the development of unique cultural norms and behaviors. Tehran's economic diversity, concentration of tourist attractions, and educational institutions have attracted individuals from the creative class. This study aims to explore the level of creativity in the 22 regions of Tehran and identify the regions with the highest and lowest creativity indicators. In exploring the characteristics of a creative city, this study aims to address the following questions:
-
What is the current level of creativity in the 22 regions of Tehran?
-
Which regions show the highest and lowest levels of creativity indicators?
Theoretical foundations
Creativity
Numerous studies have been conducted to define creativity, with past literature incorporating creativity and creation into its interpretation of the concept (Walia 2019; Sidekerskienė and Damaševičius 2024; Ciriello et al. 2024). Creativity is the ability to generate original and meaningful ideas, forms, and interpretations. It is a flexible concept that can adapt to different disciplines and contexts. Definitions of creativity vary among individuals, researchers, teachers, and students, leading to challenges in precisely defining it (Robinson 2008). By focusing on the outcome of creativity, theorists have overlooked the dynamic process that may or may not result in creation (Ciriello et al., 2024; Tayebeh et al. 2023). The Longman and Oxford dictionaries define creativity as "the ability to use one's imagination to generate new ideas, construct things, etc." and "the use of imagination or original ideas to create." Imagination is a key element in the concept of creativity according to these definitions. Creativity appears when imagination is utilized to create something, encompassing principles such as flexibility, innovation, risk-taking, and leadership (Duankhan et al. 2024). Various perspectives have appeared in this field regarding the relationship between creativity and urban development, the role of land development, and enhancing competitiveness by attracting the creative class (Meshkini et al. 2020).
Creative class
Government policy places a strong emphasis on supporting the creative community and fostering the growth of the creative class. Many academic papers have analyzed the results of published empirical studies on the behavior and movement patterns of the creative class in different types of regions. As a result, they offer policy recommendations based on these findings to attract and retain creative individuals (Vitálišová et al., 2020). The creative class considers population to be a key factor in the spatial organization of cities. They are seen as a new form of capital that is more influential and impactful than financial capital, shaping urban spaces. The creative class plays a significant role in the examination of factors influencing urban competitiveness (Amirzadeh and Sharifi 2024; Wijngaarden and Hracs 2024). In Florida, the core of the creative class consists of creative professionals working in various science-based occupations such as modern technology, finance, healthcare, law, and economics. The creative class in any society represents a valuable human resource capable of presenting new scientific ideas, solutions, and innovations to address specific problems (Florida 2002). According to Florida's creative class theory, unleashing creative energies, talents, and individual abilities to build a society aims to harness everyone's knowledge and creativity. Creativity thrives on a continuous supply of resources, and all urban residents, regardless of social or economic status, are seen as sources and contributors to the emergence and expression of creativity (Arcos-Pumarola 2019; Forleo and Benedetto 2020).
Creative city
A creative city is a vibrant city that fosters cultural and intercultural learning, where every resident is confident in their knowledge, skills, artistic abilities, and cultural awareness. The theory of the creative city highlights the qualities that make a city's image more attractive to its inhabitants and create lasting memories (Javdan et al. 2023). According to this theory, creativity is a key aspect of public intelligence, and enhancing one's capacity to generate and develop ideas is seen as a marker of societal advancement. Moezoddin (2021) A creative city embraces cultural diversity and promotes creative expression in various forms on a daily basis. Duxbury (2010) The European Cultural City initiative has played a significant role in shaping the concept of a "creative city." In the 1980s, the European Union designated certain cities as "European Capitals of Culture." However, some scholars argue that the concept of the creative city emerged earlier from competitive efforts to attract investment. 2013 (Sasajima) A creative city is essentially a form and process of urban development that prioritizes creativity. Creativity is seen as a symbolic process within the realm of culture, guiding the creation of new art, ideas, and technologies.
Creative city indicators
To evaluate a city, it is always important to consider indicators and evaluate the proximity to the ideal indicator. An effective tool requires a so-called index. Therefore, Landry 2012 improved the definitions, boundaries, and understandings of a creative city (Cativelli and Teixeira 2024; Yari Hesar and Mohammadi 2024; Doucet et al. 2024).
-
Appropriate infrastructure is required for the reconstruction of the city's economic dynamic, which includes the provision of working conditions and the presence of a diverse and specialized population with a variety of skills.
-
The economic structure is based on growth components and is in line with macro programs (services, culture, new technology companies, etc.).
-
The ability to attract creative and new talent for the city's ever-expanding economy, which necessitates diversity and space for innovation.
-
An urban space that allows the formation of communities and public spaces to identify young talent.
-
Very well-shaped urban structure that adapts to various behaviors; those who are in tune with the world's day-to-day activities are in the best position.
-
A strong social structure that is appealing to people and businesses, is conducive to the city's economic growth and causes the city to be endogenous.
-
Urban living conditions provide security and tranquility to citizens and with less crime, social polarization, and poverty
However, Richard Florida in his research on urban creativity reached the point that there are three main factors in urban creativity (Table 1)
Florida also introduced the Creativity Index, which measures the concentration of artists, writers, actors, designers, musicians, directors, painters, sculptors, and photographers in a specific area. This index accurately quantifies art creators using reliable statistical data. Florida argues that cities should prioritize supporting vulnerable populations over investing in infrastructure or industrial development. The success of creative cities hinges not only on attracting the creative class, but also on fostering an environment that encourages creative individuals to contribute to innovative economic endeavors, such as generating new ideas, launching successful businesses, and promoting regional growth. Florida emphasizes the importance of attracting talented individuals rather than solely focusing on physical infrastructure or industrial projects. The evolution of creative cities relies on both attracting the creative class and engaging creative individuals in innovative economic activities, leading to the development of new ideas, successful businesses, and regional prosperity (Table 2 and Fig. 1).
The concept of the creative city, originating in the late 1980s, emerged as a response to global changes and the need for city managers to restructure urban areas. By the early 1990s, the concept gained traction, emphasizing the untapped potential of each region. In recent years, the idea of the creative city has garnered significant attention from experts, researchers, and decision-makers (Lotfi, 2016). Academic and political studies have focused on major cities and metropolises capable of meeting diverse demands from people and activities, with a growing number of papers exploring creative city policies. Technology, knowledge, and creativity are identified as key drivers of this trend in the literature (Table 3).
Existing literature on urban creativity in Iran primarily concentrates on major cities or metropolitan areas, with a specific focus on urban competitiveness. These studies highlight urban creativity using various indicators, with a predominant emphasis on human capital and socioeconomic progress. (Ghalehteimouri et al., 2021; Hamidi et al. 2021; Amini Gheshlaghi et al. 2021), (Table 4).
Area of study
Tehran, the capital city of Iran, is known for being one of the most densely populated cities in the world. It ranks as the 24th most populous city globally and is the largest city in North Asia. Situated in the Middle East, Tehran is surrounded by the Alborz mountain range to the north, the Rey and Bibi Bishahrbanu Mountains to the south, and the flat plains of Shahriyar and Varamin to the north. The city is intersected by two main rivers, the Karaj in the west and the Jajrud in the east, along with seasonal rivers like Jafarabad or Darabad (Shahabad), Darka, and Kan, all flowing from north to south. As per the 2016 census, the population of Tehran metropolis across its 22 districts is approximately 8,693,706, with a growth rate of 1.7% and covering an area of around 716 square kilometers (Fig. 2).
Application of methods
The descriptive-analytical method was used to conduct this cognitive research. Data was collected using the documentary-library method. A portion of the required data was obtained through library research and referrals to municipal departments, as well as the 2016 general population and housing census results. Table 5 shows 28 indicators of the creative city extracted and compiled for Tehran regions based on previous theoretical studies and research. The ELECTRE methods, such as ELECTRE-II, have played a crucial role in tackling complex decision-making situations. They provide structured frameworks for evaluating alternatives based on multiple criteria, offering a systematic approach to handle uncertainty and subjectivity in decision-making processes(Akram et al. 2021; Balali et al. 2014). Decision-makers can consider various criteria and preferences with these methods. ELECTRE-II incorporates concepts like concordance and discordance thresholds to generate preference rankings that reflect different levels of agreement and disagreement among decision-makers. While these methods are effective, additional research and comparative studies are needed to improve their applicability and robustness across different domains and decision contexts (Mousavi et al. 2017).
The status of indicators is then evaluated using the ELECTRE decision-making model, and the situation in the regions can be assessed using GIS software, along with the magnitude of facts and events in this domain. The ELECTRE method, developed by Bernard Roy to address the limitations of traditional decision-making methods, is widely recognized as a top MADM technique (multidisciplinary decision-making model(Haider et al. 2015). It is a compensatory model. ELECTRE is a method used to determine and select the best option. Similar to other decision models, it is utilized to choose the optimal alternative from a range of options. The ELECTRE method involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative indicators, which are compared in pairs to establish rankings. A combination of options, indicators, and preference values are incorporated into contractual expressions for multi-attribute problems. (Rezvani et al. 2023).
Findings
In this section, data are analysed to examine the current situation in the Tehran Metropolitan Area using creative city indicators and the ELECTRE Decision-Making Method.
Implementation steps of this model
Step 1: In this step, the values of the problem decision matrix are descaled by using the Norm. We call this matrix N, as it shown in Eq. 1.
Second stage based on atrophy shannon
Step 3: In this step, using the W matrix (weights of indicators) and the following equation, we obtain the "weighted unscaled matrix" as it shown in Eq. 2.
= is a weighted unscaled matrix.
〖W = 〗 _ (m × n) is the diagonal matrix of the weights obtained for the indices.
Step 4: In this step, all options for all indicators are evaluated and a set of "coordinated and uncoordinated matrices" is formed. The coordinated set of options k and I, denoted by "Sk", i. It will include all the indicators in which the "Ai" option is more desirable than the Ak option. To find this desirability, one must pay attention to the type of decision-making indicators in terms of having a positive or negative aspect.
that's mean:
If the index has a positive aspect, we have: Sk, I = {j | xkj ≥ xij}, j = 1,…, m
The inconsistent set Dk,i also contains the indices in which the Ak option is less desirable than the Ai option, namely as it shown in Eq. 3.
The inconsistent set Dk,i also contains the indices in which the Ak option is less desirable than the Ai option, presented in Eq. 4.
This formula is for positive indices and for negative indices we have presented in Eq. 5.
Step 5: In this step, we obtain the coordinate matrix from the above information. This matrix is a square matrix m × m whose diameter has no element. The other elements of this matrix are also obtained from the sum of the weights of the indicators belonging to the coordinated set. that's mean in Eq. 6.
This criterion (Iki) indicates the relative importance of Ak to Ai. The value of this criterion is a number between zero and one, and the higher this value, the more Ak is preferred to Ai, and vice versa.
Step 6: In this step, the unmatch matrix is calculated. This matrix is denoted by NI and, like the coordinate matrix, is a m × m matrix. The original diameter of this matrix has no element, and the other elements of this matrix are obtained from the unbalanced rhythmic matrix.
These elements are obtained according to the following Eq. 7.
This criterion measures the ratio of the inadequacy of the matched set k and I to the total unmatch in that index.
Step 7: In this step, the effectively matched matrix is calculated. This matrix is denoted by H. To create this matrix, a threshold must first be set, and if each element of matrix I is greater than or equal to it, that component in matrix H will take on a value of one, otherwise, it will take on a value of zero. Past information and the opinion of the decision-maker can be used to determine the threshold.
A general criterion for determining this limit is the mean of the values of the matrix I (ie., Ī).
Then
This matrix indicates the preference of one option over another.
Step 8: In this step, we obtain the effective unmatched matrix. This matrix, denoted by G, is obtained like an effectively matched matrix.
The threshold for this matrix is calculated as follows.
Then.
Step 9: In this step, by combining the effective matched matrix (H) and the effective unmatched matrix (G), the "effective total matrix" (F) is obtained. The calculation of this matrix is as follows:
This matrix shows the order of superiority of different solutions over each other;
That is, if Fki = 1, we can say that Ak is preferable to Ai. Of course, this preference may be influenced by other strategies. So the condition that Ak be the preferred option in the above method is that
Final Step: Eliminate Low Gravity Options Any column in H that has at least one "element one" can be removed, then decisions can be made based on the other rows.
Based on the data in, Tables 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 we can begin to create a map that shows Tehran's overall urban creativity across different regions. It demonstrates that these regions have not applied and comprehended creativity in the same way. As a result, Tehran's northern neighbourhoods are more creative than the city's southern neighbourhoods.
The final ranking of each area based on the creative city indicators is shown in Fig. 3. The spatial distribution of creative city indicators in Tehran areas reveals that 7 regions (5–8-11–13-14–15-20–22) are in good shape, while 7 regions (9–10-16–17-18–19-21) are in poor shape. According to the findings, only seven regions of Tehran (1–2-3–4-6–7-12) have favourable conditions when compared to the creative city indicators. In fact, two regions are one or six times more favourable than other Tehran regions, but regions 9, 17, 10, and 16 are in unfavourable conditions when compared to creative city indicators and have a higher planning priority.
Tehran city areas have been prioritised separately for each dimension of the creative city, as shown in Table 12. The findings show that the regions (2–4-5–15) had favourable conditions in the dimension of human capital, which had three indicators, whereas the majority of the regions did not. In terms of innovation, which is measured using four indicators, roughly 60% of the regions experienced unfavourable conditions, while region 6 experienced favourable conditions. The general condition of the regions was average in the social capital dimension, which had four indicators, with 25% of the regions in unfavourable conditions and the remaining regions (19–14-14) in favourable conditions (Table 13).
Tehran city areas have been prioritised separately for each dimension of the creative city, as shown in Table 12. The findings show that the regions (2–4-5–15) had favourable conditions in the dimension of human capital, which had three indicators, whereas the majority of the regions did not. In terms of innovation, which is measured using four indicators, roughly 60% of the regions experienced unfavourable conditions, while region 6 experienced favourable conditions. The general condition of the regions was average in the social capital dimension, which had four indicators, with 25% of the regions in unfavourable conditions and the remaining regions (19–14-14) in favourable conditions. When compared to this index, four regions (2–4-5–15) have favourable conditions, ten regions have average conditions, and eight regions have unfavourable conditions in the physical dimension, which has three indicators. The following maps depict the spatial distribution of each dimension of the creative city in Tehran neighborhoods (Fig. 4A to G).
Conclusion and recommendations
The concept of the "creative city" has emerged as a strategic approach in urban planning, thinking, and implementation in contemporary urban development. Given the significant changes in urban environments, the creativity of city officials, business owners, and residents plays a crucial role in addressing various urban challenges. The key to addressing these challenges lies in fostering and nurturing creative cities. By creating attractive environments that cater to the needs of creative individuals, cities can become vibrant hubs for study, work, and innovation. Enhancing the aesthetic appeal of urban spaces not only adds to their vitality and economic value but also fosters a sense of identity and attractiveness, ultimately leading to the formation of a creative city. Proper management of neighborhoods and urban spaces is essential in this process. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of establishing Tehran as a creative city based on its unique characteristics and components. Through the use of the ELECTRE model, 22 districts in Tehran were ranked, with districts 1 and 6 emerging as the most creative, followed by districts 17, 16, 10, and 9. While Tehran shows promise as a creative city, addressing existing weaknesses and barriers, along with implementing culturally sensitive urban planning, is essential for realizing this potential. By developing cultural and educational initiatives that focus on understanding socio-cultural dynamics and addressing urban challenges, Tehran can pave the way for becoming a thriving creative city. Now, in this section, the researcher has presented recommendations for the realization of the Tehran metropolis's creative city based on the obtained results:
-
Efforts to create efficient and entrepreneurial management by updating information to meet citizens' needs and employing competent management for planning to increase investment in projects related to the creative city. Use of integrated management in implementing and enforcing cultural and social laws throughout the city, creating recreation centers based on the region's potential, and recognizing ecotourism attractions.
-
Identifying citizens' welfare and recreational needs with their participation, planning for research centers' development, and organizing creative and specialized forces efficiently. Strengthening scientific, technical, and educational facilities as a platform for new ideas to flourish until implementation. People's operational actions, especially those of the creative class, are crucial for cities' creative development.
-
Planning to support the creative class, evaluate their innovations, apply creative ideas in governance and urban management, essential for a dynamic knowledge-based economy. Paying attention to cultural industries rooted in Iranian Islamic culture for urban economic prosperity, replacing the rent economy with the cultural economy in cities.
-
Implementing comprehensive programs to increase mutual awareness of contemporary art with traditional culture and accurately explain the concept of the "creative" city of Iran. Focusing on creative metropolitan policies for people, preventing cross-cutting policy implementation and continuing programs.
-
Creating and consolidating research and educational programs to develop human resources and elevate the creative class rate in urban areas. Establishing mechanisms to strengthen small art companies and creative and media businesses. Introducing changes in educational hardware and software infrastructures to enhance ideas, innovations, and creativity in educational settings. Strengthening intra-city public transportation networks to reduce citizens' time wasted in urban traffic.
-
Designing human-centered, lively streets and sidewalks based on the society's cultural and social characteristics. Preserving Iran's identity, cultural and historical heritage in Tehran, reviving, restoring, and integrating them with new urban architecture based on Iranian cultural values.
-
Developing virtual communication networks and increasing international interactions with successful and creative cities worldwide to attract attention among residents of other cities. Effective advertising to showcase cities' environmental and natural capabilities through mass communication networks and media.
Availability of data and materials
Data sets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Ahmadi F, Sharifian N.B., Gandomkar A, Masuod M, Saberi H (2022) Identifying and prioritizing the indicators of the creative tourism city in Babolsar. Urban tourism 8(4) https://doi.org/10.22059/jut.2021.313994.857
Akram M, Luqman A, Kahraman C (2021) Hesitant Pythagorean fuzzy ELECTRE-II method for multi-criteria decision-making problems. Appl Soft Comput 108:107479
Amini Gheshlaghi D, Marsusi N, Lotfi A (2021) Assessment and Ranking of Creative City Planning in 22 Districts of Tehran Metropolis. Phys Sacial Plann 8(3):127–150 https://doi.org/10.30473/psp.2021.54417.2339
Amirzadeh M, Sharifi A (2024) The evolutionary path of place making: From late twentieth century to post-pandemic cities. Land Use Policy 141:107124
Arcos-Pumarola J (2019) Assessing literary heritage policies in the context of creative cities. J Spat Organ Dyn 7(4):275–290 https://www.jsod-cieo.net/journal/index.php/jsod/article/view/206
Azimi N, Rezaiee S (2021) Searching for the management and information technology indicators for Iranian-Islamic creative city (Case study: Isfahan metropolis). Urban Struct Funct Stud 8(28):195–215 https://doi.org/10.22080/USFS.2021.17488.1885
Balali V, Zahraie B, Roozbahani A (2014) Integration of ELECTRE III and PROMETHEE II decision-making methods with an interval approach: Application in selection of appropriate structural systems. J Comput Civ Eng 28(2):297–314
Borén T, Young C (2021) Policy mobilities as informal processes: Evidence from “creative city” policy-making in Gdańsk and Stockholm. Urban Geogr 42(4):551–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1735197
Cativelli AS, Teixeira CS (2024) Creative cities and its information units: a new route for the florianópolis/sc creative district. RDBCI 17:e019021
Ciriello RF, Richter A, Mathiassen L (2024) Emergence of creativity in IS development teams: A socio-technical systems perspective. Int J Inf Manage 74:102698
Cordero Ampuero A, Gil Manso M, Muñoz M (2024) A Townscape in Evolution: Caño Roto Modern Heritage, 1957–2023. Heritage 7(5):2348–2369
Delangizan S, Dehghanshabani Z, Khanzadi A, Zabihidan M. S. (2018) Determining the Indicators of Creative City and Rankings of Iranian Metropolises Based on Creative City Indicator: An Application of Modified TOPSIS Method. Urban Econ 3(1):1–24 https://doi.org/10.22108/ue.2018.107566.1036
Donegan M, Drucker J, Goldstein H, Lowe N, Malizia E (2008) Which indicators explain metropolitan economic performance best? Traditional or creative class. J Am Plann Assoc 74(2):180–195
Doucet TC, Duinker PN, Zurba M, Steenberg JW, Charles JD (2024) Perspectives of successes and challenges in collaborations between non-governmental organization and local government on urban forest management. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 93:128220
Duankhan P, Sunat K, Chiewchanwattana S, Nasa-ngium P (2024) The Differentiated Creative search (DCS): Leveraging Differentiated knowledge-acquisition and Creative realism to address complex optimization problems. Expert Syst Appl 252:123734
Florida R (2002) The Rise of the Creative Class and How It‟s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. Basic Books, New York
Florida R (2003) Cities and the creative class. City Community 2(1):3–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6040.00034
Forleo MB, Benedetto G (2020) Creative cities of gastronomy: Towards relationship between city and countryside. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science 22:100247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2020.100247
Frantzeskaki N, Childers DL, Pickett S, Hoover FA, Anderson P, Barau A, van de Sijpe K (2024) A transformative shift in urban ecology toward a more active and relevant future for the field and for cities. Ambio 53(6):871–889
Ghalehteimouri KJ, Ros FC, Rambat S (2024a) Flood risk assessment through rapid urbanization LULC change with destruction of urban green infrastructures based on NASA Landsat time series data: A case of study Kuala Lumpur between 1990–2021. Ecological Frontiers 44(2):289–306
Ghalehteimouri KJ, Ros FC, Rambat S, Nasr T (2024b) Spatial and Temporal Water Pattern Change Detection through the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) for Initial Flood Assessment: A Case Study of Kuala Lumpur 1990 and 2021. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 114(1):178–187
Ghalehteimouri KJ, Shamaei A, Ros FBC (2021) Effectiveness of spatial justice in sustainable development and classification of sustainability in Tehran province. Reg Stat 11(2):52–80
Gholami A, Asadi R, Heydari Tashekaboud A (2022) Scenarios for the realization of a creative city in the Mashhad City with emphasis on the quality-of-life index. Geograph Urban Space Develop https://doi.org/10.22067/jgusd.2022.72417.1103
Gold J, Gold MM (Eds.) (2024) Olympic Cities: City Agendas, Planning, and the World’s Games, 1896–2032. Taylor & Francis
Goldberg-Miller SBD (2018) Keeping creativity downtown: Policy learning from San Francisco, Seattle, and Vancouver for municipal cultural planning in Toronto. J Arts Manag Law Soc 48(3):170–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632921.2017.1422834
Haider H, Sadiq R, Tesfamariam S (2015) Selecting performance indicators for small and medium sized water utilities: Multi-criteria analysis using ELECTRE method. Urban Water Journal 12(4):305–327
Hamidi A, Salaripour A, Hesam M (2021) Evaluation of urban management policies in utilizing creative city brand, case study: Rasht city, Iran. Geograph Urban Plann Res (GUPR) 9(2):439–461 https://doi.org/10.22059/jurbangeo.2021.314497.1412
Homan S, Strong C, O'Hanlon S, Tebbutt JA. (Eds.). (2024). Interrogating Popular Music and the City. Routledge
Jafari M, Tabibian M, Behzadpoor E, Delshad M (2021) Presenting a conceptual framework of urban creativity and innovation with a knowledge-based urban development approach (case study: Tehran). Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 3(2):230–241
Javdan M, Ghalehteimouri KJ, Ghasemi M, Riazi A (2023) A novel framework for social life cycle assessment to achieve sustainable cultural tourism destinations. Turyzm/tourism 33(2):7–18
Kozina J, Bole D, Tiran J (2021) Forgotten values of industrial city still alive: What can the creative city learn from its industrial counterpart? City Cult Soc 25:100395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2021.100395
Landry C. (2012). The creative city: A toolkit for urban innovators. Routledge
Lotfi S, Shahabi Shahmiri M, Nikbakht E (2016) The feasibility study of applying creative multicenter network metropolitan approach in the metropolitan area of the Central Mazandaran. Geograph Develop Iranian J 14(43):1–18 https://doi.org/10.22111/gdij.2016.2451
MacAfee EA, Löhr AJ (2024) Multi-scalar interactions between mismanaged plastic waste and urban flooding in an era of climate change and rapid urbanization. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Water 11(2):e1708
Maleki S, Shanbepour F. (2019) Measuring the level of accessibility of urban areas of Ahwaz with the indicators of the creative city. Haft Hesar J Environ Stud 8(29):77–88 http://hafthesar.iauh.ac.ir/article-1-752-fa.html
Meshkini A, Alipour S, Hajizadeh M (2020) Explaining the Levels of Urban Creativity in the Metropolitan Cities (Case study: Karaj metropolis). Human Geograph Res 52(2):385–400 https://doi.org/10.22059/jhgr.2017.62460
Moezoddin, A. (2021). Developing a contextualised framework for culture-led urban sustainable development through creative hub concept (a case study of Iranian free zone) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Salford). http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/61400
Mousavi M, Gitinavard H, Mousavi SM (2017) A soft computing based-modified ELECTRE model for renewable energy policy selection with unknown information. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 68:774–787
Mousavi MN, GhalehteimourI KJ, Sotoudeh NZ, Fahliani MRA. (2023). Identify Appropriate Variables Through Scenario Planning Perspective for Creative Tourism in Iran. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Geographia. 5–35
Mousavi D (2014) Ranking the Districts of Sardasht City in Terms of Moving Toward Creativity with an Emphasis on Realization Creative City by the Use of TOPSIS Model and Network Analysis. Geograph Territorial Spat Arrangement 4(10):19–38 https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23452277.1393.4.10.5.7
Nederhand J, Avelino F, Edelenbos J, Fransen J (2024) Editorial to the special issue on urban vitalism. Cities 148:104911
Permanasari E, Hendola F, Tarigan S, Tafridj I, Aurora F (2024) Urban expansion in South Tangerang: Analyzing Bintaro Jaya as a private city. Cities 144:104665
Rafieeyan D, Shabani M (2015) Analysis of Urban Creativity Indices in Settlement System of Mazandaran Province. Geograph Territ Spatial Arrang 5(16):19–34 https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23452277.1394.5.16.4.5
Rasoli N, Mousavi M, Houshyar H (2020) Explaining Creative Tourism in the City Of Urmia with a Foresight Approach. Urban Plann Know 4(4):101–116 https://doi.org/10.22124/upk.2020.15374.1371
Ratiu D (2013) Creative cities and/or sustainable cities: Discourse and practices. City Cult Soc 4:125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2013.04.002
Redaelli E (2011) Analyzing the “creative city” governance: Relational processes in Columbus, Ohio. City Cult Soc 2(2):85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2011.05.001
Rezvani SM, Falcão MJ, Komljenovic D, de Almeida NM (2023) A systematic literature review on urban resilience enabled with asset and disaster risk management approaches and GIS-based decision support tools. Appl Sci 13(4):2223
Robinson JR (2008) Webster’s dictionary definition of creativity. Online Journal for Workforce Education and Development 3(2):2
Scott AJ (2016) Creative cities: Conceptual issues and policy questions. J Urban Aff 28(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2006.00256.x
Selada C, Cunha I, Tomaz E (2011) Creative-based strategies in small cities: A case study approach. Redige 2(2):79–111 https://ciencia.iscte-iul.pt/id/ci-pub-2055
Shamaei A, JafarpourGhalehteimouri K (2024) Evaluating the impact of Zanjan city’s economic drivers on the quality of life in peri-urban villages: a case study of Do Asb and Payin Kouh villages. Frontiers of Urban and Rural Planning 2(1):1–15
Sidekerskienė T, Damaševičius R. (2024). Pedagogical memes: a creative and effective tool for teaching STEM subjects. IJSME. 1–31
Sithole SM, Musakwa W, Magidi J, Kibangou AY. (2024). Characterising landcover changes and urban sprawl using geospatial techniques and landscape metrics in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe (1984–2022). Heliyon
Swain D, Roberts GJ, Dash J, Lekshmi K, Vinoj V, Tripathy S (2017) Impact of rapid urbanization on the city of Bhubaneswar, India. Proc Natl Acad Sci, India, Sect A 87:845–853
Talkhabi H, JafarpourGhalehteimouri K, ToulabiNejad M (2024) Integrating Tehran metropolitan air pollution into the current transport system and sprawl growth: an emphasis on urban performance and accessibility. Discover Cities 1(1):1–13
Talkhabi H, Ghalehteimouri KJ, Mehranjani MS, Zanganeh A, Karami T (2022) Spatial and temporal population change in the Tehran Metropolitan Region and its consequences on urban decline and sprawl. Ecological Informatics 101731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101731
Tayebeh P, Gholamreza J, Ali S, Ghalehteimouri KJ (2023) Introducing creative city factors as a solution in sustainable urban development: a case study from Bushehr City in Iran. Journal of Urban Culture Research 26:206–225
Vitálišová K, Vaňová A, Šúrová J (2020) How to attract and retain creative class. Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration in Central and Eastern Europe. NISPAcee J Public Administ Policy 13(1):245–266https://doi.org/10.2478/nispa-2020-0010
Walia C (2019) A dynamic definition of creativity. Creat Res J 31(3):237–247
Wijngaarden Y, Hracs BJ (2024) “We are continuing an industrial revolution here”: Assembling, experiencing and leveraging the affective atmospheres of post-industrial workspaces. Geoforum 148:103944
YariHesar A, Mohammadi C (2024) Evaluation and prioritization of five areas of Ardabil city based on creative city indicators. Geography and Human Relationships 6(3):284–303
Zarrabi A, Mousavi M. N., Bagheri Kashkooli A (2015) A comparison between indicators of sustainable urban development and criteria of a creative city (Case study: Cities of Yazd Province). Geograph Urban Space Develop 1(2):1–17 https://doi.org/10.22067/gusd.v1i1.26048
Zhang JX, Cheng JW, Philbin SP, Ballesteros-Perez P, Skitmore M, Wang G (2023) Influencing factors of urban innovation and development: a grounded theory analysis. Environ Dev Sustain 25(3):2079–2104
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the data that provided by Tehran Municipality IT section.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AR: Author supervisor and the main advisor. Kamran Jafrpour Ghalehteimouri: Co-Author and methodology development. KJG: Data collection, analysis,
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Rahimzadeh, A., Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri, K. Identify successful performance of urban creativity indicators dimensions between 22 regions of Tehran Metropolitan: a comparative study. City Built Enviro 2, 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44213-024-00029-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44213-024-00029-0