Abstract
This review aims to discuss all likely pathways of the environmental fate of fluopyram to enable a better understanding of the probable ecological risks associated with its agricultural usage. The fluopyram is a broad-spectrum molecule to control various fungal plant pathogens as well as nematodes. It belongs to a new chemical class named ‘pyridinyl ethylbenzamides’. The literature review has shown that the sorption–desorption, degradation and leaching of fluopyram differed among the soil types, and much is still to be studied concerning the fate of fluopyram in different types of the soil environment. Indeed, research suggests that the high persistent behaviour of fluopyram particularly in soil and water/sediment environment can present environmental risks. Hence, with a foreseen widespread and substantial use of fluopyram, it would be indeed crucial to assess the possible environmental risks due to injudicious usage of fluopyram.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data transparency.
Code availability
Software application or custom code.
Abbreviations
- ai:
-
Active ingredient
- APVMA:
-
Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority Declaration
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- BZM:
-
Benzamide
- CIB&RC:
-
Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee, India
- DAR:
-
Draft Assessment Report, European Union
- DFOP:
-
Double first-order in parallel
- DT50 :
-
Half-life, Time required for 50% degradation of the initial amount
- DT75 :
-
Time required for 75% degradation of the initial amount
- DT90 :
-
Time required for 90% degradation of the initial amount
- ECHA:
-
European Chemicals Agency
- EFSA:
-
European Food Safety Authority
- EPA:
-
Environmental Protection Agency, USA
- FAO:
-
Food and Agriculture Organization
- IUPAC:
-
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- JMPR:
-
The Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues
- K d :
-
Coefficient of distribution
- K OC :
-
Organic carbon normalized coefficient of distribution
- LD:
-
Lethal dose
- LOQ:
-
Limit of quantification
- MRL:
-
Maximum residue limit
- NYSDEC:
-
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
- NZ-EPA:
-
New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority
- PAA:
-
Pyridylacetic acid (a metabolite of fluopyram)
- PCA:
-
Pyridyl carboxylic acid (a metabolite of fluopyram)
- PHI:
-
Pre-harvest interval
- PMRA:
-
Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Canada
- SC:
-
Suspension concentrate
- SDH:
-
Succinate dehydrogenase
- SDHI:
-
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor
- SFO:
-
Single first-order
- TRR:
-
Total radioactive residues
- VKM:
-
The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food & Environment
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
References
AINP (2016a) Residue and persistence of fluopyram 200 SC + tebuconazole 200–400 (w/v) in/on chilli. AINP on Pesticide Residues, Anand Agricultural University
AINP (2016b) Residue and persistence of fluopyram 400 SC (Velum Prime) in/on banana. AINP on Pesticide Residues, Anand Agricultural University
AINP (2016c) Residue and persistence study of fluopyram 400 SC in tomato. AINP on Pesticide Residues, Anand Agricultural University
AINP (2016d) Residues and dissipation of fluopyram 200 + tebuconazole 200–400 SC in mango. AINP on Pesticide Residues, Anand Agricultural University
APVMA (2015) Public release summary on the evaluation of the new active fluopyram in the product Luna Privilege fungicide. APVMA (Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority). https://apvma.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication/14166-prs-fluopyram.pdf
Avenot HF, Michailides TJ (2010) Progress in understanding molecular mechanisms and evolution of resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibiting (SDHI) fungicides in phytopathogenic fungi. Crop Prot 29:643–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.02.019
Bayer AG (2020) Annual report. Bayer AG, Germany, pp 1–265. https://www.bayer.com/en/investors/annual-reports
Beckerman JL (2013) Detection of fungicide resistance. In: Mizuho Nita (ed) Fungicides: showcases of integrated plant disease management from around the world. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/55981
Beeman AQ, Njus ZL, Pandey S, Tylka GL (2019) The effects of ILeVO and VOTiVO on root penetration and behaviour of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Plant Dis 103:392–397. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-18-0222-RE
Bénit P, Bortoli S, Huq L et al (2018) A new threat identified in the use of SDHIs pesticides targeting the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase enzyme. BioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/289058
Burns AR, Luciani GM, Musso G et al (2015) Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful model for anthelmintic discovery. Nat Commun 6:7485. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8485
Chawla S, Patel DJ, Patel SH et al (2018) Behaviour and risk assessment of fluopyram and its metabolite in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit and in soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:11626–11634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1603-4
CIB&RC (2018a) Minutes of 387th Meeting of Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee (CIB&RC) held on 27.03.2018 and 02.04.2018. Central Insecticide Board & Registration Committee, Government of India, New Delhi
CIB&RC (2018b) Minutes of 393rd Meeting of Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee (CIB&RC) held on 24.09.2018. Central Insecticide Board & Registration Committee, Government of India, New Delhi
CIB&RC (2018c) Minutes of 384th Meeting of Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee (CIB&RC) held on 16.01.2018. Central Insecticide Board & Registration Committee, Government of India, New Delhi
CIB&RC (2017) Minutes of 380th Meeting of Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee (CIB&RC) held on 16.11.2017 & 20.11.2017. Central Insecticide Board & Registration Committee, Government of India, New Delhi
DAR (2011a) Draft assessment report. Joint review project: Fluopyram. Volume 3 (B.8): Environmental fate and behaviour. Reviewed by Pest Management Regulatory Agency (Canada) and Germany. Peer reviewed by Environmental Protection Agency (USA), Germany, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan), Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (Australia). http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/consultations/call/public-consultation-active-substance-fluopyram
DAR (2011b) Draft assessment report. Joint review project: Fluopyram. Volume 3 (B.2): Physical and chemical properties. Reviewed by Germany. Peer reviewed by Pest Management Regulatory Agency (Canada) and Environmental Protection Agency (USA). http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/consultations/call/public-consultation-active-substance-fluopyram
DAR (2011c) Draft assessment report. Joint review project: Fluopyram. Volume 3 (B.6): Toxicology and metabolism. Reviewed by Germany. Peer reviewed by Pest Management Regulatory Agency (Canada), Environmental Protection Agency (USA), Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan), Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (Australia). http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/consultations/call/public-consultation-active-substance-fluopyram
DAR (2011d) Draft assessment report. Joint review project: Fluopyram. Volume 3 (B.7): Residue data. Reviewed by Environmental Protection Agency (USA). Peer reviewed by Pest Management Regulatory Agency (Canada), Germany, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan), Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (Australia). http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/consultations/call/public-consultation-active-substance-fluopyram
DAR (2011e) Draft assessment report. Joint review project: Fluopyram. Volume 1: Report and proposed EU decision. Project partners: Canada, Germany (EU RMS), USA. Peer review by Australia and Japan. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/consultations/call/public-consultation-active-substance-fluopyram
Dong B, Hu J (2014) Dissipation and residue determination of fluopyram and tebuconazole residues in watermelon and soil by GC-MS. Int J Environ Anal Chem 94:493–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2013.841152
Dong B, Hu J (2016) Photodegradation of the novel fungicide fluopyram in aqueous solution: kinetics, transformation products, and toxicity evolvement. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:19096–19106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7073-7
Dubournet P, Lagouarde P, Callendret A, et al (2012) Fluopyram: a new generation of fungicides for customized solutions that satisfy all the needs of the food chain. In: 10e Conférence Internationale sur les Maladies des Plantes, Tours, France, 3, 4 & 5 Décembre, 2012. Association Française de Protection des Plantes (AFPP), pp 589–598
ECHA (2013) CLH report for fluopyram (CLH report on Proposal for Harmonised Classification and Labelling). Dossier submitter: Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Federal Office for Chemicals, Dortmund, Germany. ECHA (European Chemicals Agency), Helsinki, Finland, pp 1–294. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23665416/clh_rep_fluopyram_6143_en.pdf/0659d4b2-af3f-82b2-5e60-789a6ad0804e
EFSA (2013) Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance fluopyram. Eur Food Saf Auth J 11:1–76. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3052
EPA (2012) Pesticide tolerances: Fluopyram. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register 77:10968–10976 Docket No. EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0364 FRL-9336-9. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2012/02/24/2012-4321/fluopyram-pesticide-tolerances
EPA (2019) Pesticide tolerances: Fluopyram. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register 84: 31208–31214, Docket No. EPA-HQ-OPP-2018–0630 FRL-9994-36. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/07/01/2019-13523/fluopyram-pesticide-tolerances
FAO (2000a) Appendix 2. Parameters of pesticides that influence processes in the soil. In: FAO Information Division Editorial Group (ed). Assessing Soil Contamination. A Reference Manual. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/x2570e/X2570E06.htm
FAO (2000b) Assessing soil contamination: a reference manual. Editorial Group FAO Information Division, Rome
Faske TR, Hurd K (2015) Sensitivity of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis to fluopyram. J Nematol 47:316
FOCUS (2006) Guidance document on estimating persistence and degradation kinetics from environmental fate studies on pesticides in EU registration. Report of the FOCUS Work Group on Degradation Kinetics, EC Document Reference Sanco/10058/2005 version 2.0, p 434
Fought L, Mussion GH, Bloomberg JR, Young H (2009) Fluopyram: a new active ingredient from Bayer CropScience. In: Abstracts Submitted for Presentation at the 2009 APS Annual Meeting. Phytopathology 99:S36. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2009.99.6.S1
Guan WB, Ma YQ, Zhang HY (2012) Residue and dissipation dynamics of fluopyram in cucumber and soil. Adv Materials Research. Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, pp 2255–2259. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.347-353.2255
Hawk T (2019) The effects of seed-applied fluopyram on root penetration and development of Meloidogyne incognita on cotton and soybean. Master of Science Thesis, University of Arkansas. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3509
Hazlett MPT (2003) The story of Silent Spring and the ecological turn. PhD Thesis, University of Kansas
Health Canada PMRA (2014) Fluopyram, Evaluation Report ERC2014-02, Health Canada Pest Management Regulatory Agency. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/sc-hc/H113-26-2014-2-eng.pdf
Health Canada PMRA (2016) Fluopyram, Proposed Registered Decision PRD2016–11, Health Canada Pest Management Regulatory Agency. https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.815190/publication.html
Heiken JA (2017) The effects of fluopyram on nematodes. Master of Science Thesis, North Carolina State University
Hu J, Pang K, Dong B (2019) Mechanism and identify photolysis products of fluopyram under TiO: experiments, DFT and ab initio molecular dynamics study. SDRP J Earth Sci Environ Stud 4:681–690. https://doi.org/10.25177/JESES.4.3.RA.504
Hussan HNM, Liu X, Li S, et al (2017) Residue analysis of fluopyram, trifloxystrobin and its metabolite in fruits and vegetables by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Pestic 104:138–146
Jeschke P (2016) Progress of modern agricultural chemistry and future prospects. Pest Manag Sci 72:433–455. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4190
Ji X, Li J, Dong B et al (2019) Evaluation of fluopyram for southern root-knot nematode management in tomato production in China. Crop Prot 122:84–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.04.028
JMPR (2010a) Fluopyram. The first draft was prepared by Mr David Lunn. Report of the Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues. Rome, 21–30 September 2010
JMPR (2010b) Fluopyram. The first draft prepared by Rudolf Pfeil and Alan Boobis. Report of the Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues. Rome, 21–30 September 2010
JMPR (2010c) Fluopyram. The first draft prepared by Rudolf Pfeil and Alan Boobis. Report of the Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues. Rome, 21–30 September 2010
Jones JG, Kleczewski NM, Desaeger J et al (2017) Evaluation of nematicides for southern root-knot nematode management in lima bean. Crop Prot 96:151–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.02.015
Kandel YR, McCarville MT, Adee EA et al (2018) Benefits and profitability of fluopyram-amended seed treatments for suppressing sudden death syndrome and protecting soybean yield: a meta-analysis. Plant Dis 102:1093–1100. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-17-1540-RE
Katna S, Dubey JK, Patyal SK et al (2018) Residue dynamics and risk assessment of Luna Experience® (fluopyram + tebuconazole) and chlorpyrifos on French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:27594–27605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2733-4
Kuhn PJ (1984) Mode of action of carboxamides. In: Trinci APJ, Rile JF (eds) Mode of action of antifungal agents. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 155–183
Labourdette G, Lachaise H, Rieck H, Steiger D (2010) Fluopyram: a new antifungal agent for the control of problematic plant diseases of many crops. Julius-Kühn-Arch 40:91–92
Li C, Yuan S, Jiang F et al (2020a) Degradation of fluopyram in water under ozone enhanced microbubbles: Kinetics, degradation products, reaction mechanism, and toxicity evaluation. Chemosphere 258:127216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127216
Li J, Wang C, Bangash SH et al (2020b) Efficacy of fluopyram applied by chemigation on controlling eggplant root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and its effects on soil properties. PLoS ONE 15:e0235423. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235423
Matadha NY, Mohapatra S, Siddamallaiah L et al (2018) Uptake and distribution of fluopyram and tebuconazole residues in tomato and bell pepper plant tissues. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:6077–6086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-04071-4
McCall PJ, Laskowski DA, Swann RL, Dishburger HJ (1981) Measurement of sorption coefficients of organic chemicals and their use in environmental fate analysis. In: Test protocols for environmental fate and movement of toxicants. Proceedings of AOAC symposium, AOAC, Washington DC
Mohapatra S, Siddamallaiah L, Buddidathi R, Yogendraiah Matadha N (2018) Dissipation kinetics and risk assessment of fluopyram and tebuconazole in mango (Mangifera indica). Int J Environ Anal Chem 98:229–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2018.1445244
NYSDEC (2017) Letter to Ms. Chritine Villegas, Bayer CropScience regarding registration of the new active ingredient fluopyram as contained in four new pesticide products, from the Director, Bureau of Pest Management, New York State Department of Environment Conservation, dated February 3, 2017
NZ-EPA (2015a) Decision on application for approval to import or manufacture iLeVO for release (APP202534). New Zealand Environment Protection Authority, pp 1–73. https://www.epa.govt.nz/assets/FileAPI/hsno-ar/APP202534/1aab30fde9/APP202534-APP202721-Amended-decision-for-APP202534-FINAL.pdf
NZ-EPA (2015b) Decision on application for approval to import or manufacture Velum Prime for release (APP202487). New Zealand Environment Protection Authority, pp 1–89. https://www.epa.govt.nz/assets/FileAPI/hsno-ar/APP202487/37e596f923/APP202487-APP202487-Decision-Document-Final.pdf
NZ-EPA (2018a) Science memo for application to reassess the approval to import or manufacture Luna Privilege for release (APP203261). New Zealand Environment Protection Authority, pp 1–67. https://www.epa.govt.nz/assets/FileAPI/hsno-ar/APP203261/a1ba816be0/APP203261-Corrected-Luna-Privilege-Science-memo.pdf
NZ-EPA (2018b) Science memo for the reassessment of the approval to import or manufacture Luna Sensation for release (APP203261). New Zealand Environment Protection Authority, pp 1–127. https://www.epa.govt.nz/assets/FileAPI/hsno-ar/APP203261/10f466e9f7/APP203261-Final-Luna-Sensation-Science-memo-with-BAYER-foliar-data.pdf
Oka Y (2020) From old-generation to next-generation nematicides. Agron 10:1387. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091387
Patel BV, Chawla S, Gor H et al (2016) Residue decline and risk assessment of fluopyram+tebuconazole (400SC) in/on onion (Allium cepa). Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:20871–20881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7331-8
Patil CS, Vemuri S, Deore BV (2018) Dissipation of fluopyram and tebuconazole residues in/on pomegranate and soil in Western Maharashtra. J Nutr Health Food Eng 8:351–356. https://doi.org/10.15406/jnhfe.2018.08.00294
Pinasseau L, Wiest L, Volatier L et al (2020) Emerging polar pollutants in groundwater: potential impact of urban stormwater infiltration practices. Environ Pollut 266:115387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115387
Podbielska M, Szpyrka E, Piechowicz B et al (2017) Behaviour of fluopyram and tebuconazole and some selected pesticides in ripe apples and consumer exposure assessment in the applied crop protection framework. Environ Monit Assess 189:350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6057-5
Rouquie D, Tinwell H, Blanck O et al (2014) Thyroid tumour formation in the male mouse induced by fluopyram is mediated by activation of hepatic CAR/PXR nuclear receptors. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 70:673–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.003
Saha S, Jadhav MR, Shabeer TA et al (2016) Safety assessment and bioefficacy of fluopyram 20%+tebuconazole 20%-40 SC in chilli, Capsicum annuum L. against anthracnose disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B 86:359–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-014-0450-4
Sierotzki H, Scalliet G (2013) A review of current knowledge of resistance aspects for the next-generation succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides. Phytopathology 103:880–887. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-01-13-0009-RVW
Sjerps R, Kooij PJ, van Loon A, Van Wezel AP (2019) Occurrence of pesticides in Dutch drinking water sources. Chemosphere 235:510–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.207
Sun T, Li M, Saleem M et al (2020) The fungicide “fluopyram” promotes pepper growth by increasing the abundance of P-solubilizing and N-fixing bacteria. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 188:109947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109947
Tinwell H, Rouquié D, Schorsch F et al (2014) Liver tumour formation in female rat induced by fluopyram is mediated by CAR/PXR nuclear receptor activation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 70:648–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.011
Vargas-Pérez M, González FJE, Frenich AG (2020) Dissipation and residue determination of fluopyram and its metabolites in greenhouse crops. J Sci Food Agric 100:4826–4833. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10542
Veloukas T, Karaoglanidis GS (2012) Biological activity of the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fluopyram against Botrytis cinerea and fungal baseline sensitivity. Pest Manag Sci 68:858–864. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3241
VKM (2014) Risk assessment of the fungicide Luna Privilege with the active substance fluopyram. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), Report 2014: 17, Doc. No. 13-207 (ISBN 978-82-8259-124-9), pp 1–34
Watson TT, Desaeger JA (2019) Evaluation of non-fumigant chemical and biological nematicides for strawberry production in Florida. Crop Prot 117:100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.11.019
Wauchope RD, Yeh S, Linders JBHJ et al (2002) Pesticide soil sorption parameters: theory, measurement, uses, limitations, and reliability. Pest Manag Sci 58:419–445. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.489
Wei P, Liu Y, Li W et al (2016) Metabolic and dynamic profiling for risk assessment of fluopyram, a typical phenylamide fungicide widely applied in vegetable ecosystem. Sci Rep 6:33898. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33898
Xiong L, Shen Y-Q, Jiang L-N et al (2015) Succinate dehydrogenase: an ideal target for fungicide discovery. In: Maienfisch P, Stevenson TM (eds) Discovery and synthesis of crop protection products. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 175–194. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2015-1204.ch013
Yizhi F, Aijuan Z, Jinju P et al (2020) Residue dissipation and dietary risk assessment of fluopyram and its metabolite (M25) in melon. Int J Environ Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1836171
Zhang Y, Xu J, Dong F et al (2014) Response of microbial community to a new fungicide fluopyram in the silty-loam agricultural soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 108:273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.07.018
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors have no conflict of interest.
Humans and animals rights
Additional declarations for articles in life science journals that report the results of studies involving humans and/or animals.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rathod, P.H., Shah, P.G., Parmar, K.D. et al. The Fate of Fluopyram in the Soil–Water–Plant Ecosystem: A Review. Reviews Env.Contamination (formerly:Residue Reviews) 260, 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44169-021-00001-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44169-021-00001-7