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From language to algorithm: trans and non-binary identities in research on facial and gender recognition

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Abstract

We assess the state of thinking about gender identities in computer vision through an analysis of how research papers in gender and facial recognition are designed, what claims they make about trans and non-binary people, what values they espouse, and what they describe as ongoing challenges for the field. In our corpus of 50 research papers, the seven papers that consider trans and non-binary identities use questionable assumptions about medicalization as a measure of transness, about gender transition as a linear and bounded process, and about the concept of gender deception. Otherwise, non-normative gender identities are absent and their consideration is in fact hindered by prevailing research values, particularly deeply embedded ones such as performance and accuracy. We point out how the use of shared datasets calcifies binary conceptions of gender. In the way that the field of computer vision conceives of ongoing challenges for its research, it does not yet face questions that trans and non-binary user experiences pose and often falls back on biologically essentialist notions of sex classification. We make two recommendations: that computer vision researchers undertake interdisciplinary work with researchers who study gender as a socio-cultural phenomenon, and that journal editors and conference organizers do the same in peer review and conference acceptance processes.

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank Meghan Allen (Computer Science, UBC) and Danica Sutherland (Computer Science, UBC) for their valued time in providing generous feedback and guidance on the writing of this paper. We are also grateful to the editor and our anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Journalism, Writing, and Media, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

    Katja Thieme, Mary Ann S. Saunders & Laila Ferreira

Authors
  1. Katja Thieme
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  2. Mary Ann S. Saunders
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Correspondence to Katja Thieme.

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Appendices

Appendix A: Journal titles

Sum of articles per journal

Journal titles for all 50 corpus articles

7

Pattern Recognition Letters (Elsevier)

3

Neurocomputing (Elsevier)

2

Applied Sciences (MDPI)

2

IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security

2

Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing (Springer)

2

Sensors (MDPI)

1

ACM Conference on Web Science

1

arXiv

1

Clinical Anatomy (Wiley)

1

Computer Vision and Image Understanding (Elsevier)

1

Electronics (MDPI)

1

EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing (Springer)

1

European Journal of Science and Technology

1

IEEE Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance

1

IEEE International Conference on Identity, Security and Behavior Analysis

1

IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops

1

IEEE International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems

1

IEEE International Joint Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing

1

IEEE International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics

1

IEEE Students Conference on Engineering and Systems

1

IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

1

IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision

1

IET Computer Vision (Wiley)

1

International Conference on Biometrics

1

International Conference on Computers, Communications, and Systems

1

International Conference on Information and Communication Technology

1

International Conference on Intelligent Informatics and Biomedical Sciences

1

International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (SAGE)

1

Intl. Seminar on Research of Information Technology & Intelligence Systems

1

Journal of Real-Time Image Processing (Springer)

1

Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation (Elsevier)

1

Machine Visions and Applications (Springer)

1

Multimedia Tools and Applications (Springer)

1

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (Am Soc of Plastic Surgeons)

1

Proceedings of the Federated Conf. on Computer Science & Information Systems

1

Procedia Computer Science (Elsevier)

1

Procedia Technology (Elsevier)

1

Symmetry (MDPI)

Appendix B: Author affiliations

Country

Affiliations for all authors

Sum

USA

Cleveland State University, USA

12

 

Florida Institute of Technology, USA

 
 

Massachusetts University of Technology, USA

 
 

Microsoft Corporation

 
 

University of Dayton, USA

 
 

University of Miami, USA × 2

 
 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA

 
 

University of Notre Dame, USA

 
 

Visa Inc. × 2

 
 

Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell

 

China

Hunan University, China

8

 

National Supercomputing Center, China

 
 

Harbin Institute of Technology, China

 
 

Shenzhen Sunwin Intelligent Corporation, China

 
 

Nanchang University, China

 
 

Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China

 
 

Shanghai Institute of Technology, China

 
 

National University of Defence Technology, China

 

India

Ambedkar Institute of Technology, India

8

 

GJ University of Science & Technology, India

 
 

Indian Institute of Technology, India

 
 

Institute of Technology, India

 
 

International Institute of Information Technology, India

 
 

Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, India

 
 

Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, India

 
 

Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India

 

Taiwan

National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taiwan × 2

8

 

National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan × 2

 
 

National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan

 
 

National Central University, Taiwan

 
 

National United University, Taiwan

 
 

Asia University, Taiwan

 

Italy

Centro Studi Srl, Italy

7

 

National Research Council of Italy, Italy × 2

 
 

University of Catania, Italy

 
 

University of Florence, Italy

 
 

University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy

 
 

University of Salerno, Italy

 

Pakistan

Bahria University, Pakistan

7

 

Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan

 
 

National Textile University, Pakistan

 
 

Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Pakistan

 
 

University Faisalabad, Pakistan

 
 

University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

 
 

University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan

 

Spain

Universidad de Málaga, Spain

5

 

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain

 
 

Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain

 
 

Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain

 
 

University of Salamanca, Spain

 

South Korea

Dankook University, South Korea

4

 

Namseaul University, South Korea

 
 

Sejong University, South Korea

 
 

Yonsei University, South Korea

 

Norway

Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway × 2

3

 

Philips Research, Norway

 

Saudi Arabia

King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia

3

 

King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

 
 

Saudi Information Technology Company, Saudi Arabia

 

Israel

Adience Inc., Israel

2

 

Open University of Israel

 

Turkey

Firat University, Turkey

2

 

Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

 

UK

University of Bristol, UK

2

 

University of Portsmouth, UK

 

Argentina

British Hospital of Buenos Aires

1

Canada

York University, Canada

1

Chile

Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile

1

Egypt

Assiut University, Egypt

1

Finland

University of Tampere, Finland

1

Indonesia

Telkom University, Indonesia

1

Japan

Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

1

Poland

AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

1

Portugal

University of Beira Interior, Portugal

1

Singapore

Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

1

Sweden

Halmstad University, Sweden

1

Switzerland

Lastminute Group, Switzerland

1

Thailand

Mahasarakham University, Thailand

1

Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Vietnam

1

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Thieme, K., Saunders, M.A.S. & Ferreira, L. From language to algorithm: trans and non-binary identities in research on facial and gender recognition. AI Ethics (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00375-5

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