Skip to main content
Log in

Exploring gender influences in the quality of workplace-based assessments

  • Brief Original Research
  • Published:
Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Introduction

Workplace-based assessments are an important tool for trainee feedback and as a means of reporting expert judgments of trainee competence in the workplace. However, the literature has demonstrated that gender bias can exist within these assessments. We aimed to determine whether gender differences in the quality of workplace-based assessment data exist in our residency training program.

Methods

This study was conducted at the University of Ottawa in the Department of Emergency Medicine. Four end-of-shift workplace-based assessments completed by men faculty and four completed by women faculty were randomly selected for each resident during the 2018–2019 academic year. Two blinded raters scored each workplace-based assessment using the Completed Clinical Evaluation Report Rating (CCERR), a published nine-item quantitative measure of workplace-based assessment quality. A 2 × 2 mixed measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) of resident gender and faculty gender was conducted, with mean CCERR score as the dependent variable. The ANOVA was repeated with mean workplace-based assessment rating as the dependent variable.

Results

A total of 363 workplace-based assessments were analyzed for 46 residents. There were no significant effects of faculty or resident gender on the quality of workplace-based assessments (p = 0.30). There was no difference in mean workplace-based assessment ratings between women and men residents (p = 0.92), and no interaction between resident and faculty gender (p = 0.62). Mean CCERR score was 25.8, SD = 4.2, indicating average quality assessments.

Conclusions

We did not find faculty or resident gender differences in the quality of workplace-based assessments completed in our training program. While the literature has previously demonstrated gender bias in trainee assessments, our results are not surprising as assessment culture varies by institution and program. Our study cautions against generalizing gender bias across contexts, and offers an approach that educators can use to evaluate whether gender bias in the quality of trainee assessments exists within their program.

Résumé

Introduction

Les évaluations sur le lieu de travail constituent un outil important pour le retour d'information des stagiaires et comme moyen de rapporter les jugements d'experts sur les compétences des stagiaires sur le lieu de travail. Cependant, la littérature a démontré que des préjugés sexistes peuvent exister dans ces évaluations. Nous avons cherché à déterminer s'il existe des différences entre les sexes dans la qualité des données d'évaluation sur le lieu de travail dans notre programme de formation en résidence.

Méthodes

Cette étude a été menée à l'Université d'Ottawa dans le département de médecine d'urgence. Quatre évaluations en fin de poste de travail complétées par des professeurs hommes et 4 complétées par des professeurs femmes ont été sélectionnées au hasard pour chaque résident au cours de l'année universitaire 2018-2019. Deux évaluateurs en aveugle ont noté chaque évaluation sur le lieu de travail à l'aide du Completed Clinical Evaluation Report Rating (CCERR), une mesure quantitative publiée en neuf points de la qualité de l'évaluation sur le lieu de travail. Une analyse de variance (ANOVA) à mesures mixtes 2 × 2 du sexe des résidents et du sexe des enseignants a été réalisée, avec le score CCERR moyen comme variable dépendante. L'ANOVA a été répétée en prenant comme variable dépendante la note moyenne de l'évaluation sur le lieu de travail.

Résultats

Au total, 363 évaluations sur le lieu de travail ont été analysées pour 46 résidents. Il n'y avait aucun effet significatif du sexe du corps professoral ou du résident sur la qualité des évaluations en milieu de travail (p = 0,30). Il n'y avait pas de différence dans les évaluations moyennes sur le lieu de travail entre les femmes et les hommes résidents (p = 0,92), et pas d'interaction entre le sexe du résident et celui de la faculté (p = 0,62). Le score moyen du CCERR était de 25,8, SD = 4,2, ce qui indique des évaluations de qualité moyenne.

Conclusions

Nous n'avons pas constaté de différences entre les sexes au sein du corps professoral ou des résidents en ce qui concerne la qualité des évaluations en milieu de travail effectuées dans le cadre de notre programme de formation. Bien que la littérature ait déjà démontré l'existence de préjugés sexistes dans les évaluations des stagiaires, nos résultats ne sont pas surprenants car la culture de l'évaluation varie selon les établissements et les programmes. Notre étude met en garde contre la généralisation des préjugés sexistes dans tous les contextes et propose une approche que les éducateurs peuvent utiliser pour évaluer s'il existe des préjugés sexistes dans la qualité des évaluations des stagiaires au sein de leur programme.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are not openly available due to reasons of sensitivity and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Norcini JJ. Work-based assessment. BMJ. 2003;326(7392):753–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7392.753.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Kogan JR, Holmboe ES, Hauer KE. Tools for direct observation and assessment of clinical skills of medical trainees: a systematic review. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2009;302(12):1316–26. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1365.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Klein R, Julian KA, Snyder ED, Koch J, Ufere NN, Volerman A, Vandenberg AE, Schaeffer S, Palamara K. Gender bias in resident assessment in graduate medical education: review of the literature. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34(5):712–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04884-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Cheung WJ, Chan TM, Hauer KE, Woods RA, Mcewen J, Martin LJ, Patocka C, Dong SL, Bhimani M, Mccoll T. CAEP 2019 academic symposium: got competence? Best practices in trainee progress decisions. Can J Emerg Med. 2020;22(2):187–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2019.480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ontario Human Rights Commission. Gender identity and gender expression [Internet]. Policy on preventing discrimination because of gender identity and gender expression. 2023 [cited 2023 Jan 11]. Available from https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/policy-preventing-discrimination-because-gender-identity-and-gender-expression/3-gender-identity-and-gender-expression. Accessed 11 Jan 2023.

  6. Cheung WJ, Wood TJ, Gofton W, Dewhirst S, Dudek N. The Ottawa Emergency Department Shift Observation Tool (O-EDShOT): a new tool for assessing resident competence in the emergency department. AEM Educ Train. 2020;4(4):359–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/aet2.10419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Endres K, Dudek N, McConnell M, Cheung WJ. Comparing the Ottawa Emergency Department Shift Observation Tool (O-EDShOT) to the traditional daily encounter card: measuring the quality of documented assessments. Can J Emerg Med. 2021;23(3):383–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43678-020-00070-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Cheung WJ, Dudek N, Wood TJ, Frank JR. Daily encounter cards-evaluating the quality of documented assessments. J Grad Med Educ. 2016;8(4):601–4. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-15-00505.1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Dudek NL, Marks MB, Wood TJ, Lee AC. Assessing the quality of supervisors’ completed clinical evaluation reports. Med Educ. 2008;42(8):816–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03105.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Random Number Generator. Retrieved from https://www.calculator.net/random-number-generator.html. 2 October 2022.

  11. McGraw KO, Wong SP. Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients. Psychol Methods. 1996;1(1):30–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Dayal A, O’Connor DM, Qadri U, Arora VM. Comparison of male vs female resident milestone evaluations by faculty during emergency medicine residency training. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(5):651–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9616.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Mueller AS, Jenkins T, Osborne M, Dayal A, O’Connor DM, Arora VM. Gender differences in attending physicians’ feedback for residents in an emergency medical residency program: a qualitative analysis. J Grad Med Educ. 2017. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-17-00126.1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Loeppky C, Babenko O, Ross S. Examining gender bias in the feedback shared with family medicine residents. Educ Prim Care. 2017;28(6):319–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14739879.2017.1362665.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Brewer A, Osborne M, Mueller AS, O’Connor DM, Dayal A, Arora VM. Who Gets the benefit of the doubt? Performance evaluations, medical errors, and the production of gender inequality in emergency medical education. Am Sociol Rev. 2020;85(2):247–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420907066.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Zuckerbraun NS, Levasseur K, Kou M, Rose JA, Roskind CG, Vu T, Baghdassarian A, Leonard K, Shabanova V, Langhan ML. Gender differences among milestone assessments in a national sample of pediatric emergency medicine fellowship programs. AEM Educ Train. 2021;5(3):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/aet2.10543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Cheung WJ, Dudek NL, Wood TJ, Frank JR. Supervisor–trainee continuity and the quality of work-based assessments. Med Educ. 2017;51(12):1260–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.13415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Menchetti I, Eagles D, Ghanem D, Leppard J, Fournier K, Cheung WJ. Gender differences in emergency medicine resident assessment: a scoping review. AEM Educ Train. 2022;6(5):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/aet2.10808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Pack R, Lingard L, Watling C, Cristancho S. Beyond summative decision making: illuminating the broader roles of competence committees. Med Educ. 2020;54(6):517–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14072.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

This manuscript was conceptualized by JI, MCL, LL, WJC, and ND. MCL and LL contributed to the data collection and analysis. MM conducted the formal and statistical analysis of the data. The original draft of this manuscript was written by JI. The writing, reviewing, and editing of this manuscript were conducted by JI, WJC, ND, MM, MCL, and LL.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Julie Ingratta.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ingratta, J., Dudek, N., Lacroix, L. et al. Exploring gender influences in the quality of workplace-based assessments. Can J Emerg Med 25, 475–480 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43678-023-00499-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43678-023-00499-x

Keywords

Mots-clés

Navigation