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Cold programming of ordered porous PETG 4D printed by material extrusion

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Abstract

In this paper, Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) has been used as a novel thermoplastic thermo-responsive Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) with biocompatibility, excellent printability, cost efficiency, and transparency for the 3D/4D printing of porous structures by material extrusion. The high deformability of PETG allows for programming without an increase in temperature or the need for additional operations. This enabled the use of PETG for the Cold Programming (CP) of ordered porous shape memory structures, made possible by material extrusion printing technology. The porous samples were printed employing three patterns and two porosity percentages. The programming operation was performed at ambient temperature by applying different amounts of pre-strains under constrained and unconstrained compression modes. The constrained test was conducted using a mandrel and a matrix for exerting pure volume reduction (pure packing). The shape recovery test was accomplished above the glass transition temperature (Tg), and the fixity and recovery ratios were recorded. Employing 3D printing provided the ability to manufacture porous thermoplastic SMP structures with highly controllable pores geometry and sizes for different porosity percentages. The results showed that the combination of the uniform strain distribution in the porous structures with the help of the 3D printing process and CP on the new PETG SMP makes it possible to achieve high deformation in the glassy region, resulting in a complete shape recovery for two lozenge and vertical patterns. Among all specimens, constrained specimens by horizontal pattern had the highest fixity ratio of 90.7%. However, low fixity ratios in CP can be justified considering the existence of two stages of spring-back and structural relaxation after unloading, resulting from the elastic and viscoelastic behavior. Increasing Infill Density (ID) along with the constrained test (pure packing) improved the shape fixity. The existence of higher mechanical constraints and harsher localized deformation are speculated to be the case for this observation. Applying higher deformations (40 to 80%), for both designed tests, brought about a weakness in the shape memory performance, while it improved for 100% volume reduction.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    E. Soleyman, D. Rahmatabadi, M. Aberoumand, K. Soltanmohammadi, M. Baniassadi, K. Abrinia & M. Baghani

  2. Faculty of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran

    I. Ghasemi

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Soleyman, E., Rahmatabadi, D., Aberoumand, M. et al. Cold programming of ordered porous PETG 4D printed by material extrusion. Archiv.Civ.Mech.Eng 24, 67 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-024-00879-9

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