Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical composition and in vivo embryotoxic potential of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf, Poaceae, volatile oil in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Volatile oil was obtained by steam distillation and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Embryotoxicity was assessed using eight concentrations (50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.12, 1.56, 0.78, and 0.39 μg/ml) of volatile oil, diluted in 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide, and their teratogenic effects were examined in 20 embryos until 120 h post-fertilization. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase was analysed in 60 larvae per treatment group at 96 post-fertilization. Cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species levels were analysed using acridine orange staining and a fluorescence assay, respectively. The major constituents of volatile oil, geranial, neral, and myrcene, were determined by GC–MS analysis. Embryotoxicity was observed to be concentration and time-dependent, with an LC50 value of 9.02 μg/ml. Teratogenic effects, such as pericardial and yolk sac edema, tail deformity, and lordosis, were evident at a concentration of 6.25 μg/ml. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly reduced at concentrations above 0.78 µg/ml, and catalase activity was markedly decreased at concentrations exceeding 1.56 µg/ml. All volatile oil concentrations induced a significant increase in reactive oxygen species production, with cell apoptosis notably elevated at 1.56 and 3.12 μg/ml. We conclude that high concentrations of C. citratus volatile oil exhibited toxic and teratogenic effects on zebrafish embryos and larvae, while lower concentrations were non-toxic.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CNPq), grant number 308359/2019-4; the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) grant number 88881.117641/2016-01 and Rede Mineira de Bioterismo-FAPEMIG.
Funding
This study was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, grant number 308359/2019–4; the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior grant number 88881.117641/2016–01 and Rede Mineira de Bioterismo-FAPEMIG.
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KCDS: conceptualization, methodology, validation, investigation, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, project administration. BCRV: conceptualization, methodology, validation, investigation, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing. MFS: methodology investigation, formal analysis, writing-review and editing. TFDC: methodology, investigation, formal analysis, writing-review and editing. WFC: methodology, validation, formal analysis, data curation, writing-review and editing. MMA: validation, formal analysis, data curation, writing-review and editing, visualization. LDSM: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, project administration, resources, funding acquisition, writing-review and editing.
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All experimental procedures in this study were conducted in strict accordance with the Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation of the Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil, under protocol no. 003/2021 and meet the guidelines of the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) for the care and use of laboratory animals.
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Duarte da Silva, K.C., do Carmo Rodrigues Virote, B., de Fátima Santos, M. et al. Embriotoxic and Antioxidant Effects of Cymbopogon citratus Leaf Volatile Oil on Zebrafish. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 33, 778–789 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-023-00410-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-023-00410-w