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Synthesis of Ca–Fe-based heterogeneous catalyst from waste shells and their application for transesterification of Jatropha oil

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Abstract

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves with increased fuel demand and global emissions has increased the search for eco-friendly renewable fuels with a low environmental impact. Biodiesel can be considered as mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids obtained from the transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats. Economically low-cost biodiesel production has received considerable interest for blending with fossil-based diesel for a more sustainable future. Therefore, the current study focuses on synthesizing an efficient, low-cost heterogeneous CaO catalyst from waste egg and seashell using a solid-state method and applying it to the transesterification of Jatropha oil. The Ca2Fe2O5 solid catalyst was prepared by doping calcined CaO with iron in a 2:1 ratio using ferric oxide (Fe2O3). Furthermore, the catalyst was extruded and analytically characterized using XRD, FT IR, BET, and its basic strength was quantified by Hammett indicators. Later on, transesterification of Jatropha oil was optimized by varying reaction parameters, such as the molar ratio of methanol to Jatropha oil, reaction time, and catalyst loading. The maximum conversion yield was 96.3% at a 20:1 methanol-to-oil ratio and 80 bar N2 pressure using 5% (w/w) catalyst loading. Furthermore, the catalytic recycling study demonstrated that the Ca2Fe2O5 catalyst could retain > 70–80% of transesterification efficiency and stability up to 4 cycles under high acid value and moisture conditions.

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Acknowledgements

The author expresses great gratitude to the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies for the award of a research fellowship and the R&D Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Faridabad for research funding and research facility.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, 248007, Dehradun, India

    Surbhi Semwal & Rajendra P. Badoni

  2. Research and Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, 121007, Sector 13, Faridabad, India

    Surbhi Semwal & Ajay K. Arora

  3. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 03722, Seoul, South Korea

    Tirath Raj

  4. Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

    Anil Kumar Patel & Reeta Rani Singhania

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  1. Surbhi Semwal
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Contributions

SS: methodology, original draft preparation, writing—review & editing, resources. TR: methodology, original draft preparation; writing—review & editing, resources. AKP: writing methodology, reviewing and editing. AKA: supervision, writing—reviewing and editing. RPB: project administration, supervision, data curation, writing-reviewing and editing. RRS: writing methodology, reviewing and editing.

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Correspondence to Reeta Rani Singhania.

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Semwal, S., Raj, T., Patel, A.K. et al. Synthesis of Ca–Fe-based heterogeneous catalyst from waste shells and their application for transesterification of Jatropha oil. Syst Microbiol and Biomanuf 3, 681–692 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43393-022-00123-6

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