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Energy Stable Nodal DG Methods for Maxwell’s Equations of Mixed-Order Form in Nonlinear Optical Media

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Abstract

In this work, we develop energy stable numerical methods to simulate electromagnetic waves propagating in optical media where the media responses include the linear Lorentz dispersion, the instantaneous nonlinear cubic Kerr response, and the nonlinear delayed Raman molecular vibrational response. Unlike the first-order PDE-ODE governing equations considered previously in Bokil et al. (J Comput Phys 350: 420–452, 2017) and Lyu et al. (J Sci Comput 89: 1–42, 2021), a model of mixed-order form is adopted here that consists of the first-order PDE part for Maxwell’s equations coupled with the second-order ODE part (i.e., the auxiliary differential equations) modeling the linear and nonlinear dispersion in the material. The main contribution is a new numerical strategy to treat the Kerr and Raman nonlinearities to achieve provable energy stability property within a second-order temporal discretization. A nodal discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is further applied in space for efficiently handling nonlinear terms at the algebraic level, while preserving the energy stability and achieving high-order accuracy. Indeed with \(d_E\) as the number of the components of the electric field, only a \(d_E\times d_E\) nonlinear algebraic system needs to be solved at each interpolation node, and more importantly, all these small nonlinear systems are completely decoupled over one time step, rendering very high parallel efficiency. We evaluate the proposed schemes by comparing them with the methods in Bokil et al. (2017) and Lyu et al. (2021) (implemented in nodal form) regarding the accuracy, computational efficiency, and energy stability, by a parallel scalability study, and also through the simulations of the soliton-like wave propagation in one dimension, as well as the spatial-soliton propagation and two-beam interactions modeled by the two-dimensional transverse electric (TE) mode of the equations.

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Funding

This work was supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation grant 2020TQ0344, by the NSFC grants 11871139 and 12101597, and by the NSF grants DMS-1720116, DMS-2012882, DMS-2011838, DMS-1719942, DMS-1913072.

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Correspondence to Fengyan Li.

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The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this manuscript.

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The research of Maohui Lyu is supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation grant 2020TQ0344, and the NSFC grants 11871139 and 12101597. The research of Vrushali A. Bokil is supported by the NSF grants DMS-1720116 and DMS-2012882. The research of Yingda Cheng is supported by the NSF grant DMS-2011838. The research of Fengyan Li is supported by the NSF grants DMS-1719942 and DMS-1913072.

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Lyu, M., Bokil, V.A., Cheng, Y. et al. Energy Stable Nodal DG Methods for Maxwell’s Equations of Mixed-Order Form in Nonlinear Optical Media. Commun. Appl. Math. Comput. 6, 30–63 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42967-022-00212-2

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