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Carbon dynamics in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and removals: a comprehensive review

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Abstract

Agriculture is a pivotal player in the climate change narrative, contributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while offering potential mitigation solutions. This study delved into agriculture’s climate impact. It comprehensively analysed emissions from diverse agricultural sources, carbon sequestration possibilities, and the repercussions of agricultural emissions on climate and ecosystems. The study began by contextualising the historical and societal importance of agricultural GHG emissions within the broader climate change discourse. It then discussed into GHG emitted from agricultural activities, examining carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions individually, including their sources and mitigation strategies. This research extended beyond emissions, scrutinising their effects on climate change and potential feedback loops in agricultural systems. It underscored the importance of considering both the positive and negative implications of emissions reduction policies in agriculture. In addition, the review explored various avenues for mitigating agricultural emissions and categorised them as sustainable agricultural practices, improved livestock management, and precision agriculture. Within each category, different subsections explain innovative methods and technologies that promise emissions reduction while enhancing agricultural sustainability. Furthermore, the study addressed carbon sequestration and removal in agriculture, focussing on soil carbon sequestration, afforestation, and reforestation. It highlighted agriculture’s potential not only to reduce emissions, but also to serve as a carbon reservoir, lowering overall GHG impact. The research also scrutinised the multifaceted nature of agriculture, examining the obstacles hindering mitigation strategies, including socioeconomic constraints and regulatory hurdles. This study emphasises the need for equitable and accessible solutions, especially for smallholder farmers. It envisioned the future of agricultural emissions reduction, emphasising the advancements in measurement, climate-smart agricultural technologies, and cross-sectoral collaboration. It highlighted agriculture’s role in achieving sustainability and resilience amid a warming world, advocating collective efforts and innovative approaches. In summary, this comprehensive analysis recognised agriculture’s capacity to mitigate emissions while safeguarding food security, biodiversity, and sustainable development. It presents a compelling vision of agriculture as a driver of a sustainable and resilient future.

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Acknowledgements

Dr.Hesam Kamyab is a researcher at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) under the Post-Doctoral Fellowship Scheme with Vote Number Q.J130000.21A2.05E54. Also, the researcher extends gratitude to the Kavir Group Pty Ltd for their invaluable support and collaboration as a research support executive, contributing significantly to the success of this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

    Hesam Kamyab & Haslenda Hashim

  2. Faculty of Computing and Informatics (FCI), Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Selangor, Malaysia

    Morteza SaberiKamarposhti

  3. Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute (CETRI), Process Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada

    Mohammad Yusuf

  4. Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, UTE University, Calle Rumipamba S/N and Bourgeois, Quito, Ecuador

    Hesam Kamyab

  5. Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, India

    Hesam Kamyab

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  1. Hesam Kamyab
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Kamyab, H., SaberiKamarposhti, M., Hashim, H. et al. Carbon dynamics in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and removals: a comprehensive review. Carbon Lett. 34, 265–289 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-023-00647-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-023-00647-4

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