Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of two different agents, H3PO4 and NaCl, to increase the flame-retardant properties of cellulose fibers

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Carbon Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

After flame-retardant treatment by the two different agents, the thermal behaviors of Lyocell fibers are discussed. In this research, H3PO4 and NaCl reduced the degradation rate and increased the char yield of the Lyocell fibers, and also increased the limiting oxygen index with the char yield increased. After treatment, the integral procedure decomposition temperature and the activation energy of Lyocell fibers are significantly increased by various concentration factors. These phenomena were indicated by the dehydration, rearrangement, formation of carbonyl groups, the evolution of carbon monoxide and dioxide, and carbonaceous residue formation. These effects were indicating the slow pathway of flame retardancy for the Lyocell fibers and are attributed to the two different flame-retardant agent treatments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kim HG, Bai BC, In SJ, Lee YS (2016) Effects of an inorganic ammonium salt treatment on the flame-retardant performance of lyocell fibers. Carbon Lett 17(1):74–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Lee JY, Kim JM, Cho DH, Park JK (2009) Fiber loading effect on the interlaminar mechanical and thermal properities of novel Lyocell, poly(butylene succinate) biocomposites. J Adhes Interf 10:106–112

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kim JG, Lee YS, In SJ (2018) Improved flame retardant performance of cellulose fibers following fluorine gas treatment. Carbon Lett 28:66–71

    Google Scholar 

  4. Loubinoux D, Chaunis S (1987) An experimental approach to spinning new cellulose fibers with N-methylmorpholine-oxide as a solvent. Text Res J 57:61–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Woodings CR (1995) The development of advanced cellulosic fibers. Int J Biol Macromol 17:305–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Peng S, Shao H, Hu X (2003) Lyocell fibers as the precursor of carbon fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 90:1941–1947

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Cho C, Cho D, Park JK, Lee JY (2013) Effect of isothermal stabilization process and ultrasonic cleaning on the characteristics of rayon fabrics. Appl J Adhes Interface 14:21–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hall ME, Horrocks AR, Seddon H (1999) The flammability of Lyocell. Polym Degrad Stab 64:505–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kandola BK, Horrocks AR (1996) Complex char formation in flame-retarded fibre intumescent combinations-II. Thermal analytical studies. Polym Degrad Stab 54:289–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kandola BK, Horrocks AR, Price D, Coleman GV (1996) Flame-retardant treatments of cellulose and their influence on the mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis. Polym Rev 36:721–794

    Google Scholar 

  11. Wu QL, Gu SY, Gong JH, Pan D (2006) SEM/STM studies on the surface structure of a novel carbon fiber from Lyocell. Syn Met 156:792–795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bai BC, Kim EA, Jeon YP, Lee CW, In SJ, Lee YS (2014) Improved flame-retardant properties of lyocell fiber achieved by phosphorus compound. Mater Lett 135(15):226–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Price D, Horrocks AR, Akalin M, Faroq AA (1997) Influence of flame retardants on the mechanism of pyroysis of cotton (cellulose) fabrics in air. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 40–41:511–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Jung JY, Lee YS (2018) Electrochemical properties of KOH-activated lyocell-based carbon fibers for EDLCs. Carbon Lett 27:112–116

    Google Scholar 

  15. Li H, Yang Y, Wen Y, Liu L (2007) A mechanism study on preparation of rayon based carbon fibers with (NH4)2SO4/NH4Cl/organosilicon composite catalyst system. Comp Sci Technol 67:2675–2682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Gronli MG, Varhegyi G, Di Blasi C (2002) Thermogravimetric analysis and devolatilization kinetics of wood. Ind Eng Chem Res 41:4201–4208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Nam S, Condon BD, Parikh DV, Zhao Q, Cintron MS, Madison C (2011) Effect of urea additive on the thermal decomposition of greige cotton nonwoven fabric treated with diammonium phosphate. Polym Deg Stab 96:2010–2018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang J, Xie H, Xin Z, Li Y, Chen L (2010) Enhancing thermal conductivity of palmitic acid based phase change materials with carbon nanotubes as fillers. Sol Energy 84:339–344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Hostler SR, Abramson AR, Gawryla MD, Bandi SA, Schiraldi DA (2009) Thermal conductivity of a clay-based aerogel. Int J Heat Mass Transf 52:665–669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Guo B, Jia D, Cai C (2004) Effects of organo-montmorillonite dispersion on thermal stability of epoxy resin nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 40:1743–1748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Li XG (1999) High-resolution thermogravimetry of cellulose esters. J Appl Polym Sci 71(4):573–578

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP), funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (20164010201070).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Korea Fire Safety Institute (KFSI), Daejeon, 34426, Republic of Korea

    Hyeong Gi Kim

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea

    Young-Seak Lee

  3. Institute of Carbon Fusion Technology (InCFT), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea

    Young-Seak Lee

Authors
  1. Hyeong Gi Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Young-Seak Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Young-Seak Lee.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kim, H.G., Lee, YS. Effects of two different agents, H3PO4 and NaCl, to increase the flame-retardant properties of cellulose fibers. Carbon Lett. 29, 529–534 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-019-00087-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-019-00087-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation