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Recent progress and major gaps in the vaccine development for African swine fever

  • Veterinary Microbiology - Review
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Abstract

The swine industry across the globe is recently facing a devastating situation imparted by a highly contagious and deadly viral disease, African swine fever. The disease is caused by a DNA virus, the African swine fever virus (ASFV) of the genus Asfivirus. ASFV affects both wild boars and domestic pigs resulting in an acute form of hemorrhagic fever. Since the first report in 1921, the disease remains endemic in some of the African countries. However, the recent occurrence of ASF outbreaks in Asia led to a fresh and formidable challenge to the global swine production industry. Culling of the infected animals along with the implementation of strict sanitary measures remains the only options to control this devastating disease. Efforts to develop an effective and safe vaccine against ASF began as early as in the mid-1960s. Different approaches have been employed for the development of effective ASF vaccines including inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines (LAVs). Inactivated vaccines are a non-feasible strategy against ASF due to their inability to generate a complete cellular immune response. However genetically engineered vaccines, such as subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and virus vector vaccines, represent tailored approaches with minimal adverse effects and enhanced safety profiles. As per the available data, gene deleted LAVs appear to be the most potential vaccine candidates. Currently, a gene deleted LAV (ASFV-G-∆I177L), developed in Vietnam, stands as the sole commercially available vaccine against ASF. The major barrier to the goal of developing an effective vaccine is the critical gaps in the knowledge of ASFV biology and the immune response induced by ASFV infection. The precise contribution of various hosts, vectors, and environmental factors in the virus transmission must also be investigated in depth to unravel the disease epidemiology. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent progress in vaccine development against ASF and the major gaps associated with it.

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Fig. 1

Adapted from Turlewicz-Podbielska et al. [15] under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India

    M. S Chandana & Koppu Vasavi

  2. Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India

    Sonu S. Nair, V. K. Chaturvedi,  Abhishek & Santanu Pal

  3. Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Muktheswhar 263138, Utharakand, India

    Manchikanthi Sri Sai Charan & Shilpa Balaji

  4. Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India

    Shubham Saini

  5. Division of CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Poloju Deepa

Authors
  1. M. S Chandana
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  2. Sonu S. Nair
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  3. V. K. Chaturvedi
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  4. Abhishek
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  5. Santanu Pal
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  6. Manchikanthi Sri Sai Charan
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  7. Shilpa Balaji
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  9. Koppu Vasavi
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  10. Poloju Deepa
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Contributions

CMS and SSN conceptualized the idea. CMS, SSN, MSSC, and SB did the literature search. CMS, SSN, SS, KV, and PD wrote the manuscript. VKC and A edited the manuscript. SP assisted in revising the manuscript along with CMS and SSN.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to M. S Chandana or Sonu S. Nair.

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Chandana, M.S., Nair, S.S., Chaturvedi, V.K. et al. Recent progress and major gaps in the vaccine development for African swine fever. Braz J Microbiol 55, 997–1010 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-024-01264-7

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