Abstract
The lower group of subterranean termites, Coptotermes gestroi (C. gestroi), and the higher groups, Globitermes sulphureus (G. sulphureus) and Macrotermes gilvus (M. gilvus), were bait treated in a no-choice laboratory bioassay using multiple active ingredients (chlorfluazuron, hexaflumuron, and bistrifluron) in Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (CSI) baits in individual separated petri dishes. The mortality rate for each sample group was observed daily for four weeks. After one week of bait introduction, the record showed the acceleration of mortality rate in M. gilvus, followed by C. gestroi and G. sulphureus. Within four treatment weeks, C. gestroi and M. gilvus reached the complete mortality. The Tukey’s post-hoc test revealed the significant differences between the mortality rate of G. sulphureus and those of C. gestroi and M. gilvus in response to chlorfluazuron and bistrifluron (p < 0.01). No significant differences in the mortality rate were observed among these three termite species when hexaflumuron was used. Additionally, the observation of the feeding activity indicated significant differences among all species in response to hexaflumuron and bistrifluron (p < 0.01). As for the case of chlorfluazuron, the feeding activity of G. sulphureus and M. gilvus under the treatment of this substance did not show any significant difference. The correlation analysis further revealed that both the study variables were distantly related. In conclusion, the mortality rates of the three termite species tested in this study were recorded after four weeks of CSI-bait bioassay.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Castillo VP, Sajap AS, Sahri MH (2013) Feeding response of subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus and Coptotermes gestroi (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) to baits supplemented with sugars, amino acids, and cassava. J Econ Entomol 106(4):1794–1801
Chouvenc T, Bardunias P, Li HF, Elliott ML, Su NY (2011) Planar arenas for use in laboratory bioassay studies of subterranean termites (Rhinotermitidae). Fla Entomol 94(4):817–826
Chouvenc T, Šobotník J, Engel MS, Bourguignon T (2021) Termite evolution: mutualistic associations, key innovations, and the rise of Termitidae. Cellular and Molecular Life sciences, vol 78. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, pp 2749–2769. 6
Dhang P (2011) A preliminary study on elimination of colonies of the mound building termite macrotermes gilvus (Hagen) using a chlorfluazuron termite bait in the Philippines. Insects 2(4):486–490
Eger JE, Lees MD, Fisher ML, Tolley MP, Messenger MT (2011) Discovery and consumption of a novel durable bait matrix by subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 58(3):651–666
Evans TA, Forschler BT, Kenneth Grace J (2013) Biology of invasive termites: a worldwide review. Annual Rev Entomol (Vol 58:455–474
Hamm RL, Demark JJ, Chin-Heady E, Tolley MP (2013) Consumption of a durable termite bait matrix by subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and resulting insecticidal activity. Pest Manag Sci 69(4):507–511
Hussin NA, Ab Majid AH (2017) Inter and intra termites colonies comparisons of gut microbial diversity from worker and soldier caste of Globitermes sulphureus (Blattodea: Termitidae) using 16S rRNA gene. Malaysian J Microbiol 13(3):228–234
Hussin NA, Ab Majid AH (2020) Termiticidal activity of chitinase enzyme of Bacillus licheniformis, a symbiont isolated from the gut of Globitermes sulphureus worker. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 24:101548
Hussin, N. A., Zarkasi, K. Z., & Ab Majid, A. H. (2018). Characterization of gut bacterial community associated with worker and soldier castes of Globitermes sulphureus Haviland (Blattodea: Termitidae) using 16S rRNA metagenomic. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 21(4), 1268–1274.
Iqbal N, Saeed S (2013) Toxicity of six new chemical insecticides against the termite, Microtermes Mycophagus D. (Isoptera: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae). Pakistan J Zool 45(3):709–713
Itakura S, Ohdake J, Takino T, Umezawa K (2021) Colony suppression and possible colony elimination of the subterranean termites Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes speratus by discontinuous soil treatment using a diluent of fipronil suspension concentrate. Insects, 12(4)
Karuppuchamy P, Venugopal S (2016) In: Omkar O (ed) Ecofriendly Pest Management for Food Security. Elsevier
Lee C-C, Lee C-Y (2015) A laboratory maintenance regime for a fungus-growing termite macrotermes gilvus (Blattodea: Termitidae). J Econ Entomol 108(3):1243–1250
Lee CC, Neoh KB, Lee CY (2012) Caste composition and mound size of the subterranean termite Macrotermes Gilvus (Isoptera: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 105(3):427–433
Lee CY, Vongkaluang C, Lenz M (2007) Challenges to subterranean termite management of multi-genera faunas in Southeast Asia and Australia. Sociobiology 50(1):213–221
Li HF, Fujisaki I, Su NY (2013) Predicting habitat suitability of Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) with species distribution models. J Econ Entomol 106(1):311–321
Mikaelyan A, Meuser K, Brune A (2017) Microenvironmental heterogeneity of gut compartments drives bacterial community structure in wood- and humus-feeding higher termites. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 93(1)
Moreira EA, Alvarez TM, Persinoti GF, Paixão DAA, Menezes LR, Cairo JPF, Squina FM, Costa-Leonardo AM, Carrijo T, Arab A (2018) Microbial communities of the gut and nest of the humus and litter feeding termite Procornitermes Araujoi (Syntermitinae). Curr Microbiol 75(12):1609–1618
Neoh K-B, Jalaludin NA, Lee C-Y (2011) Elimination of field colonies of a mound-building termite globitermes sulphureus (Isoptera: Termitidae) by bistrifluron bait. J Econ Entomol 104(2):607–613
Ohkuma M, Brune A (2010) Diversity, structure, and evolution of the termite gut microbial community. Biology of termites: a modern synthesis. Springer Netherlands, pp 413–438
Rasib KZ, Ashraf H (2016) Combinatorial potential of bait matrix against subterranean termites under lab and field conditions. Sociobiology 63(2):831–840
Rossmassler K, Dietrich C, Thompson C, Mikaelyan A, Nonoh JO, Scheffrahn RH, Sillam-Dussès D, Brune A (2015) Metagenomic analysis of the microbiota in the highly compartmented hindguts of six wood- or soil-feeding higher termites. Microbiome 3(1):56
Subekti N, Widiyaningrum P, Nandika D, Solikhin DD (2019) Colony composition and biomass of Macrotermes Gilvus Hagen (Blattodea: Termitidae) in Indonesia. IIUM Eng J 20(1):24–28
Su N-Y, Ban PM, Scheffrahn RH (1993) Foraging populations and territories of the eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Southeastern Florida. Environ Entomol 22(5):1113–1117
Talia P, Arneodo J (2018) Lignocellulose degradation by termites. Termites and sustainable management. Springer International Publishing, pp 101–117
Tamashiro M, Fujii JK, Lai P-Y (1973) A simple method to observe, trap, and prepare large numbers of subterranean termites for laboratory and field experiments. Environ Entomol 2(4):721–722
Tasaki E, Sakurai H, Nitao M, Matsuura K, Iuchi Y (2017) Uric acid, an important antioxidant contributing to survival in termites. PLoS ONE, 12(6), e0179426
Thong-On A, Suzuki K, Noda S, Inoue JI, Kajiwara S, Ohkuma M (2012) Isolation and characterization of anaerobic bacteria for symbiotic recycling of uric acid nitrogen in the gut of various termites. Microbes Environ 27(2):186–192
Wan Umar WAS, Ab Majid AH (2020a) Efficacy of minimum application of chlorfluazuron baiting to control urban subterranean termite populations of Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). Insects 11(9):1–10
Wan Umar WAS, Ab Majid AH (2020b) Sustainable termite management using innovative and selective termite baiting method. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 549(1)
Wan Umar WAS, Ab Majid AH (2021) Effects of worker-soldier termite ratio on the mortality rate exposed to chlorfluazuron baits. In Proceedings of the 1st International Electronic Conference on Entomology, online (pp. 1–15)
Yusuf S, Adiwirawan I, Lim SP, Setiawan KH (2009) Evaluation of bistrifluron as an above-ground bait against subterranean termite Coptotermes gestroi (Wassman) in Indonesia. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium of Indonesian Wood Research Society, 200–202
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our deepest gratitude for the financial support provided by Research University Grant (RUi) (1001 / PBIOLOGI / 8011104) and grateful acknowledgment to the editor and reviewers for suggestions on the draft manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interest
The authors state that none of the work described in this publication appears to have been influenced by any known competing financial interests or personal ties.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Shamsuri, Q., Ab Majid, A. Laboratory efficacy and performance of several type of chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) towards three species of subterranean termite (Blattodea:Rhinotermitidae, Termitdae). Int J Trop Insect Sci (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-024-01231-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-024-01231-7